S. K. Kumar, A. Dispenzieri, and M. Q. Lacy, Continued improvement in survival in multiple myeloma: changes in early mortality and outcomes in older patients, Leukemia, vol.28, issue.5, pp.1122-1130, 2014.

P. Moreau, M. Attal, and C. Hulin, Bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone with or without daratumumab before and after autologous stem-cell transplantation for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (CASSIOPEIA): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study. The Lancet, vol.394, pp.29-38, 2019.

S. Manier, K. Z. Salem, J. Park, D. A. Landau, G. Getz et al., Genomic complexity of multiple myeloma and its clinical implications, Nat Rev Clin Oncol, vol.14, issue.2, pp.100-113, 2017.

M. Tahiliani, K. P. Koh, and Y. Shen, Conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mammalian DNA by MLL partner TET1. Science, vol.324, pp.930-935, 2009.

S. Kriaucionis and N. Heintz, The nuclear DNA base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is present in Purkinje neurons and the brain, Science, vol.324, issue.5929, pp.929-959, 2009.

S. Ito, D. '-alessio, A. C. Taranova, O. V. Hong, K. Sowers et al., Role of Tet proteins in 5mC to 5hmC conversion, ES-cell self-renewal and inner cell mass specification, Nature, vol.466, issue.7310, pp.1129-1162, 2010.

L. Cimmino, M. M. Dawlaty, and D. Ndiaye-lobry, TET1 is a tumor suppressor of hematopoietic malignancy, Nat Immunol, vol.16, issue.6, pp.653-62, 2015.

K. D. Rasmussen, G. Jia, and J. V. Johansen, Loss of TET2 in hematopoietic cells leads to DNA hypermethylation of active enhancers and induction of leukemogenesis, Genes Dev, vol.29, issue.9, pp.910-932, 2015.

Y. He, B. Li, and Z. Li, Tet-mediated formation of 5-carboxylcytosine and its excision by TDG in mammalian DNA, Science, vol.333, issue.6047, pp.1303-1310, 2011.

L. Shen, H. Wu, and D. Diep, Genome-wide analysis reveals TETand TDG-dependent 5-methylcytosine oxidation dynamics, Cell, vol.153, issue.3, pp.692-706, 2013.

D. Globisch, M. Münzel, and M. Müller, Tissue distribution of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and search for active demethylation intermediates, PLoS ONE, vol.5, issue.12, p.15367, 2010.

R. M. Kohli and Y. Zhang, TET enzymes, TDG and the dynamics of DNA demethylation, Nature, vol.502, issue.7472, pp.472-481, 2013.

M. Bachman, S. Uribe-lewis, Y. X. Williams, M. Murrell, and A. , Balasubramanian S. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is a predominantly stable DNA modification, Nat Chem, vol.6, issue.12, pp.1049-55, 2014.

M. Bachman, S. Uribe-lewis, and X. Yang, 5-Formylcytosine can be a stable DNA modification in mammals, Nat Chem Biol, vol.11, issue.8, pp.555-562, 2015.

H. Stroud, S. Feng, M. Kinney, S. Pradhan, S. Jacobsen et al., 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is associated with enhancers and gene bodies in human embryonic stem cells, Genome Biol, vol.12, issue.6, p.54, 2011.

A. A. Sérandour, S. Avner, and F. Oger, Dynamic hydroxymethylation of deoxyribonucleic acid marks differentiation-associated enhancers, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.40, issue.17, pp.8255-65, 2012.

E. A. Mahé, T. Madigou, and A. A. Sérandour, Cytosine modifications modulate the chromatin architecture of transcriptional enhancers, Genome Res, vol.27, issue.6, pp.947-58, 2017.

W. Li, X. Zhang, and X. Lu, 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine signatures in circulating cell-free DNA as diagnostic biomarkers for human cancers, Cell Res, vol.27, issue.10, pp.1243-57, 2017.

C. Song, S. Yin, and L. Ma, 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine signatures in cellfree DNA provide information about tumor types and stages, Cell Res, vol.27, issue.10, pp.1231-1273, 2017.

G. P. Pfeifer, W. Xiong, M. A. Hahn, and J. , The role of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in human cancer, Cell Tissue Res, vol.356, issue.3, pp.631-672, 2014.

K. Chen, J. Zhang, and Z. Guo, Loss of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is linked to gene body hypermethylation in kidney cancer, Cell Res, vol.26, issue.1, pp.103-121, 2016.

K. C. Johnson, E. A. Houseman, J. E. King, V. Herrmann, K. M. Fadul et al., Christensen BC. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine localizes to enhancer elements and is associated with survival in glioblastoma patients, Nat Commun, vol.7, issue.1, pp.1-11, 2016.

K. Misawa, S. Yamada, and M. Mima, 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine and teneleven translocation dioxygenases in head and neck carcinoma, J Cancer, vol.10, issue.21, pp.5306-5320, 2019.

J. Jeschke, E. Collignon, and F. Fuks, Portraits of TET-mediated DNA hydroxymethylation in cancer, Curr Opin Genet Dev, vol.36, pp.16-26, 2016.

G. Ficz and J. G. Gribben, Loss of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in cancer: Cause or consequence?, Genomics, vol.104, issue.5, pp.352-359, 2014.

X. Agirre, G. Castellano, and M. Pascual, Whole-epigenome analysis in multiple myeloma reveals DNA hypermethylation of B cell-specific enhancers, Genome Res, vol.25, issue.4, pp.478-87, 2015.

B. Salhia, A. Baker, G. Ahmann, D. Auclair, R. Fonseca et al., DNA methylation analysis determines the high frequency of genic hypomethylation and low frequency of hypermethylation events in plasma cell tumors, Cancer Res, vol.70, issue.17, pp.6934-6978, 2010.

B. A. Walker, C. P. Wardell, and L. Chiecchio, Aberrant global methylation patterns affect the molecular pathogenesis and prognosis of multiple myeloma, Blood, vol.117, issue.2, pp.553-62, 2011.

C. J. Heuck, J. Mehta, and T. Bhagat, Myeloma is characterized by stagespecific alterations in DNA methylation that occur early during myelomagenesis, J Immunol, vol.190, issue.6, pp.2966-75, 2013.

F. Chatonnet, A. Pignarre, and A. A. Sérandour, The hydroxymethylome of multiple myeloma identifies FAM72D as a 1q21 marker linked to proliferation, Haematologica, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02165596

, Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group, The International Myeloma Working Group, vol.121, pp.749-57, 2003.

G. J. Morgan, B. A. Walker, and F. E. Davies, The genetic architecture of multiple myeloma, Nat Rev Cancer, vol.12, issue.5, pp.335-383, 2012.

Y. Jin, K. Chen, D. Paepe, and A. , Active enhancer and chromatin accessibility landscapes chart the regulatory network of primary multiple myeloma, Blood, vol.131, pp.2138-50, 2018.

P. R. Greipp, J. S. Miguel, and B. Durie, International staging system for multiple myeloma, J Clin Oncol, vol.23, issue.15, pp.3412-3432, 2005.

C. Song, K. E. Szulwach, and Y. Fu, Selective chemical labeling reveals the genome-wide distribution of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, Nat Biotechnol, vol.29, issue.1, pp.68-72, 2011.

G. Ficz, M. R. Branco, and S. Seisenberger, Dynamic regulation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mouse ES cells and during differentiation, Nature, vol.473, issue.7347, pp.398-402, 2011.

W. A. Whyte, D. A. Orlando, and D. Hnisz, Master transcription factors and Mediator establish super-enhancers at key cell identity genes, Cell, vol.153, issue.2, pp.307-326, 2013.

S. Rao, M. H. Huntley, and N. C. Durand, A 3D map of the human genome at kilobase resolution reveals principles of chromatin looping, Cell, vol.159, issue.7, pp.1665-80, 2014.

V. Saint-andré, A. J. Federation, and C. Y. Lin, Models of human core transcriptional regulatory circuitries, Genome Res, vol.26, issue.3, pp.385-96, 2016.

F. Magrangeas, H. Avet-loiseau, and W. Gouraud, Minor clone provides a reservoir for relapse in multiple myeloma, Leukemia, vol.27, issue.2, pp.473-81, 2013.

F. Magrangeas, R. Kuiper, and H. Avet-loiseau, A genome-wide association study identifies a novel locus for bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy in European patients with multiple myeloma, Clin Cancer Res, vol.22, issue.17, pp.4350-4355, 2016.

C. S. Ross-innes, R. Stark, and A. E. Teschendorff, Differential oestrogen receptor binding is associated with clinical outcome in breast cancer, Nature, vol.481, issue.7381, pp.389-93, 2012.

J. Krönke, N. D. Udeshi, and A. Narla, Lenalidomide causes selective degradation of IKZF1 and IKZF3 in multiple myeloma cells, Science, vol.343, issue.6168, pp.301-306, 2014.

?. Fast, convenient online submission ? thorough peer review by experienced researchers in your field ? rapid publication on acceptance ? support for research data, including large and complex data types ? gold Open Access which fosters wider collaboration and increased citations maximum visibility for your research: over 100M website views per year ? At BMC, research is always in progress. Learn more biomedcentral.com/submissions Ready to submit your research Ready to submit your research ? Choose BMC, Choose BMC and benefit from

G. Lu, R. E. Middleton, and H. Sun, The myeloma drug lenalidomide promotes the cereblon-dependent destruction of Ikaros proteins, Science, vol.343, issue.6168, pp.305-314, 2014.

C. Gu, H. Cheng, and H. Yang, MK2 is a therapeutic target for high-risk multiple myeloma. Haematologica, 2018.

M. Ko, Y. Huang, and A. M. Jankowska, Impaired hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine in myeloid cancers with mutant TET2, Nature, vol.468, issue.7325, pp.839-882, 2010.

L. Gillberg, A. D. Ørskov, and A. Nasif, Oral vitamin C supplementation to patients with myeloid cancer on azacitidine treatment: normalization of plasma vitamin C induces epigenetic changes, Clin Epigenetics, vol.11, issue.1, p.143, 2019.

F. R. Traube, S. Schiffers, and K. Iwan, Isotope-dilution mass spectrometry for exact quantification of noncanonical DNA nucleosides, Nat Protoc, vol.14, issue.1, pp.283-312, 2019.

, Publisher's Note

, Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations