Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor that senses bacterial peptidoglycan-conserved motifs in cytosol and stimulates host immune response including epithelial and immune cells. The association of NOD2 mutations with a number of inflammatory pathologies including Crohn's disease (CD), graft-versus-host diseases, or Blau syndrome, highlights its pivotal role in inflammatory response and the associated-carcinogenesis development. Since its identification in 2001 and its association with CD, the role of NOD2 in epithelial cells and immune cells has been investigated extensively but the precise mechanism by which NOD2 mutations lead to CD and the associated carcinogenesis development is largely unknown. In this review, we present and discuss recent developments about the role of NOD2 inside epithelial cells on the control of the inflammatory process and its linked carcinogenesis development.