G. Pharma, . Janssen, . Lundbeck, . Organon, U. Sanofi et al., J. Hudson has received grant support from Shire and Sunovion and has received consulting fees from DiaMentis, Shire, and Sunovion. A. Kaplan is a member of the Shire Canadian Binge-Eating Disorder Advisory Board and was on the steering committee for the Shire B/educated Educational Symposium: 15 to 16, he has received unrestricted grants from Lilly and AstraZeneca as director of the Sleep Research Unit of Eginition Hospital, 2018.

J. , Treasure has received an honorarium for participation in an EAP meeting and has received royalties from several books from

W. Routledge, ;. H. Oxford, . L. Lundbeck-a/s, A. Bierut, J. Goate et al., Markers for Addiction" covering the use of certain SNPs in determining the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of addiction. N. Wodarz has received funding from the German Research Foundation (DFG) and Federal Ministry of Education and Research Germany (BMBF); he has received speaker's honoraria and travel funds from Janssen-Cilag, Mundipharma, and Indivior. He took part in industrysponsored multicenter randomized trials by D&A Pharma and Lundbeck. M. Ridinger received compensation from Lundbeck Switzerland and Lundbeck institute for advisory boards and expert meetings and from Lundbeck and Lilly, vol.371

H. Ethypharm, . Indivior, . Lilly, . Lundbeck, P. H. Otsuka et al., Kranzler is a member of the American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology's Alcohol Clinical Trials Initiative, which was sponsored in the past 3 years by AbbVie, Alkermes, Amygdala Neurosciences, MacKillop is a principal in BEAM Diagnostics, 2018.

. Hexal, . Janssen-cilag, . Msd, . Medice, T. L. Mundipharma-;-root et al., and is a member of the Faculty of the Lundbeck International Neuroscience Foundation (LINF), Denmark. J. Kaprio has provided consultations on nicotine dependence for Pfizer (Finland) 2012 to 2015. In the past 3 years, L. Degenhardt has received investigator-initiated untied educational grants for studies of opioid medications in Australia from Indivior, Mundipharma, and Seqirus. B. Neale is a member of the scientific advisory board for Deep Genomics and has consulted for Camp4 Therapeutics Corporation, Choi is a scientific advisory member of Peptron Inc. M. Frye has received grant support from Assurex Health, Mayo Foundation, Myriad, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute of Mental Health, and Pfizer; he has been a consultant for Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc., Janssen, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Myriad, vol.40, pp.105-115, 2010.

T. Gadalla and N. Piran, Co-occurrence of eating disorders and alcohol use disorders in women: a meta analysis, Arch Womens Ment Health, vol.10, issue.4, pp.133-140, 2007.

M. Solmi, N. Veronese, and G. Sergi, The association between smoking prevalence and eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Addiction, vol.111, issue.11, pp.1914-1922, 2016.

M. W. Wiederman and T. Pryor, Substance use among women with eating disorders, Int J Eat Disord, vol.20, pp.163-168, 1996.

I. Krug, J. Treasure, and M. Anderluh, Present and lifetime comorbidity of tobacco, alcohol and drug use in eating disorders: a European multicenter study, Drug Alcohol Depend, vol.97, issue.1-2, pp.169-179, 2008.

D. Anzengruber, K. L. Klump, and L. Thornton, Smoking in eating disorders, Eat Behav, vol.7, issue.4, pp.291-299, 2006.

A. E. Duncan, R. J. Neuman, J. R. Kramer, S. Kuperman, V. M. Hesselbrock et al., Lifetime psychiatric comorbidity of alcohol dependence and bulimia nervosa in women, Drug Alcohol Depend, vol.84, pp.122-132, 2006.

D. L. Franko, A. Keshaviah, and K. T. Eddy, A longitudinal investigation of mortality in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, Am J Psychiatry, vol.170, issue.8, pp.917-925, 2013.

, The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, pp.1-83, 2003.

M. A. Munn-chernoff and J. H. Baker, A primer on the genetics of comorbid eating disorders and substance use disorders, Eur Eat Disord Rev, vol.24, issue.2, pp.91-100, 2016.

J. H. Baker, S. E. Mazzeo, and K. S. Kendler, Association between broadly defined bulimia nervosa and drug use disorders: common genetic and environmental influences, Int J Eat Disord, vol.40, issue.8, pp.673-678, 2007.

J. H. Baker, K. S. Mitchell, M. C. Neale, and K. S. Kendler, Eating disorder symptomatology and substance use disorders: prevalence and shared risk in a population based twin sample, Int J Eat Disord, vol.43, issue.7, pp.648-658, 2010.

S. H. Rhee, J. K. Hewitt, S. E. Young, R. P. Corley, T. J. Crowley et al., Genetic and environmental influences on substance initiation, use, and problem use in adolescents, Arch Gen Psychiatry, vol.60, issue.12, pp.1256-1264, 2003.

A. C. Heath, K. K. Bucholz, and P. A. Madden, Genetic and environmental contributions to alcohol dependence risk in a national twin sample: consistency of findings in women and men, Psychol Med, vol.27, issue.6, pp.1381-1396, 1997.

W. R. True, A. C. Heath, and J. F. Scherrer, Genetic and environmental contributions to smoking, Addiction, vol.92, issue.10, pp.1277-1287, 1997.

M. B. Van-den-bree, J. E. Neale, M. C. Pickens, and R. W. , Genetic and environmental influences on drug use and abuse/dependence in male and female twins, Drug Alcohol Depend, vol.52, issue.3, pp.231-241, 1998.

B. K. Bulik-sullivan, P. R. Loh, and H. K. Finucane, LD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies, Nat Genet, vol.47, issue.3, pp.291-295, 2015.

B. Bulik-sullivan, H. K. Finucane, and V. Anttila, An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits, Nat Genet, vol.47, issue.11, pp.1236-1241, 2015.

H. R. Kranzler, H. Zhou, and R. L. Kember, Genome-wide association study of alcohol consumption and use disorder in 274,424 individuals from multiple populations, Nat Commun, vol.10, issue.1, p.1499, 2019.

M. Liu, Y. Jiang, and R. Wedow, Association studies of up to 1.2 million individuals yield new insights into the genetic etiology of tobacco and alcohol use, Nat Genet, vol.51, issue.2, pp.237-244, 2019.

H. J. Watson, Z. Yilmaz, and L. M. Thornton, Genome-wide association study identifies eight risk loci and implicates metabo-psychiatric origins for anorexia nervosa, Nat Genet, vol.51, issue.8, pp.1207-1214, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02573041

C. Gregorowski, S. Seedat, and G. P. Jordaan, A clinical approach to the assessment and management of co-morbid eating disorders and substance use disorders, BMC Psychiatry, vol.13, issue.1, p.289, 2013.

T. D. Wade, S. Gordon, and S. Medland, Genetic variants associated with disordered eating, Int J Eat Disord, vol.46, issue.6, pp.594-608, 2013.

D. B. Hancock, Y. Guo, and G. W. Reginsson, Genome-wide association study across European and African American ancestries identifies a SNP in DNMT3B contributing to nicotine dependence. Mol Psychiatry, vol.23, pp.1-9, 2017.

J. A. Pasman, K. Verweij, and Z. Gerring, GWAS of lifetime cannabis use reveals new risk loci, genetic overlap with psychiatric traits, and a causal influence of schizophrenia, Nat Neurosci, vol.21, issue.9, pp.1161-1170, 2018.

R. K. Walters, R. Polimanti, and E. C. Johnson, Transancestral GWAS of alcohol dependence reveals common genetic underpinnings with psychiatric disorders, Nat Neurosci, vol.21, issue.12, pp.1656-1669, 2018.

D. Demontis, V. M. Rajagopal, and T. E. Thorgeirsson, Genome-wide association study implicates CHRNA2 in cannabis use disorder, Nat Neurosci, vol.22, issue.7, pp.1066-1074, 2019.

C. G. Fairburn and Z. Cooper, Binge Eating: Nature, Assessment and Treatment, pp.317-359, 1993.

Y. Benjamini and Y. Hochberg, Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing, J Royal Statist Soc, Series B, vol.57, pp.449-518, 1995.

Q. Lu, B. Li, and D. Ou, A powerful approach to estimating annotation-stratified genetic covariance via GWAS summary statistics, Am J Hum Genet, vol.101, issue.6, pp.939-964, 2017.

Q. Lu, Y. Hu, J. Sun, Y. Cheng, K. H. Cheung et al., A statistical framework to predict functional non-coding regions in the human genome through integrated analysis of annotation data, Sci Rep, vol.5, p.10576, 2015.

Q. Lu, R. L. Powles, and S. Abdallah, Systematic tissue-specific functional annotation of the human genome highlights immune-related DNA elements for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, PLoS Genet, vol.13, p.1006933, 2017.

Q. Lu, R. L. Powles, Q. Wang, B. J. He, and H. Zhao, Integrative tissue-specific functional annotations in the human genome provide novel insights on many complex traits and improve signal prioritization in genome wide association studies, PLoS Genet, vol.12, 2016.

, Encode Project Consortium. An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome, Nature, vol.489, pp.57-74, 2012.

. Roadmap-epigenomics-consortium, A. Kundaje, and W. Meuleman, Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes, Nature, vol.518, pp.317-330, 2015.

Z. Zhu, Z. Zheng, and F. Zhang, Causal associations between risk factors and common diseases inferred from GWAS summary data, Nat Commun, vol.9, issue.1, p.224, 2018.

N. R. Wray, S. Ripke, and M. Mattheisen, Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression, Nat Genet, vol.50, issue.5, pp.668-681, 2018.

, Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci, Nature, vol.511, pp.421-427, 2014.

L. Yengo, J. Yang, and P. M. Visscher, Expectation of the intercept from bivariate LD score regression in the presence of population stratification. bioRxiv, 2018.

, Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders, p.947, 2013.

W. H. Kaye, C. E. Wierenga, U. F. Bailer, A. N. Simmons, A. Wagner et al., Does a shared neurobiology for foods and drugs of abuse contribute to extremes of food ingestion in anorexia and bulimia nervosa?, Biol Psychiatry, vol.73, issue.9, pp.836-842, 2013.

N. D. Volkow, G. J. Wang, D. Tomasi, and R. D. Baler, The addictive dimensionality of obesity, Biol Psychiatry, vol.73, issue.9, pp.811-818, 2013.

H. R. Kranzler and M. Soyka, Diagnosis and pharmacotherapy of alcohol use disorder: a review, JAMA, vol.320, pp.815-824, 2018.

S. L. Stancil, W. Adelman, A. Dietz, and S. Abdel-rahman, Naltrexone reduces binge eating and purging in adolescents in an eating disorder program, J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, vol.29, issue.9, pp.721-724, 2019.

J. M. Jonas and M. S. Gold, The use of opiate antagonists in treating bulimia: a study of low-dose versus high-dose naltrexone, Psychiatry Res, vol.24, pp.195-199, 1988.

D. Marzo, V. Matias, and I. , Endocannabinoid control of food intake and energy balance, Nat Neurosci, vol.8, issue.5, pp.585-589, 2005.

N. D. Volkow, A. J. Hampson, and R. D. Baler, Don't worry, be happy: endocannabinoids and cannabis at the intersection of stress and reward, Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, vol.57, pp.285-308, 2017.

S. E. Reuter and J. H. Martin, Pharmacokinetics of cannabis in cancer cachexia-anorexia syndrome, Clin Pharmacokinet, vol.55, pp.807-812, 2016.

P. Monteleone and M. Maj, Dysfunctions of leptin, ghrelin, BDNF and endocannabinoids in eating disorders: beyond the homeostatic control of food intake, Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol.38, pp.312-330, 2013.

Y. Avraham, I. Paturski, M. I. Vorobiev, L. Berry, and E. M. , 2-Arachidonoylglycerol as a possible treatment for anorexia nervosa in animal model in mice, Brain Res, vol.2017, pp.185-190, 1670.

A. Andries, J. Frystyk, A. Flyvbjerg, and R. K. Stoving, Dronabinol in severe, enduring anorexia nervosa: a randomized controlled trial, Int J Eat Disord, vol.47, issue.1, pp.18-23, 2014.

M. A. White, Smoking for weight control and its associations with eating disorder symptomatology, Compr Psychiatry, vol.53, pp.403-407, 2011.

C. Filozof, M. C. Fernandez-pinilla, and A. Fernandez-cruz, Smoking cessation and weight gain, Obes Rev, vol.5, issue.2, pp.95-103, 2004.

L. Duncan, Z. Yilmaz, and H. Gaspar, Significant locus and metabolic genetic correlations revealed in genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa, Am J Psychiatry, vol.174, issue.9, pp.850-858, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01832130

M. O. Goodarzi, Genetics of obesity: what genetic association studies have taught us about the biology of obesity and its complications, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, vol.6, issue.3, pp.223-236, 2018.

M. A. Munn-chernoff, A. E. Duncan, and J. D. Grant, A twin study of the association between alcohol dependence, binge eating, and compensatory behaviors, J Stud Alcohol Drugs, vol.74, issue.5, pp.664-673, 2013.

M. A. Munn-chernoff, J. E. Chou, and Y. , Shared genetic risk between eating disorderand substance-use-related phenotypes: Evidence from genome-wide association studies, Addiction Biology, 2020.

,