are employees of Physiogenex SAS. C.T is employee of Lifesearch SAS. None of the other authors has any conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise ,
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, A) Liver weight. B) Representative photographs of macroscopic liver aspect, Oil Red O, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and Sirius Red staining in mice fed a HFCC-CDX or chow diet (CD) for 1 wk (magnification x20). White circles indicate the mononuclear-cell infiltrate (inflammation). C)
G) Expression of proinflammatory genes [interleukin-1? (IL1?), tumor-necrosis factor ? (TNF ?), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), and F4/80] and profibrotic genes [collagen type 1?1 (Col1?1), ?-smooth muscle actin (?SMA), transforming growth factor ? (TGF?), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (Timp1)] in liver. Open circles: CD; closed circles: HFCC-CDX diet. Results are presented as the mean SE, and the statistical significance of differences was determined with the Student's t test. *P > 0.05, ?P >0.01, and F4/80 and profibrotic genes collagen type 1?1 (Col1?1), ?-smooth muscle actin (?SMA), transforming growth factor ? (TGF?), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (Timp1). White circles: CD; black circles: HFCC-CDX diet; gray circles: HFCC-CDX Lira. Results are presented as the mean SE, and the statistical significance of differences was determined with the Student's t test or with one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score for mice fed HFCC-CDX. D-F) Assessment of hepatic triglycerides, cholesterol, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) (D), reactive oxygen species (ROS, E), and thiobarbituric acid response substrates ,
, HFCC-CDX-fed mice were treated daily with liraglutide or vehicle for the last 2 wk of the study, n >10 mice per group
, Liraglutide treatment normalizes both plasma lipid levels and systemic inflammation and improves insulin sensitivity, Figure, vol.4
, A) Plasma triglycerides and cholesterol levels. B) Plasma alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) levels
, D) Index of systemic inflammation. AU, arbitrary units. E) Blood glucose evolution after oral glucose loading (OGTT) in overnight-fasted mice. F) OGTT-associated basal and stimulated insulinemia values in overnight-fasted mice. G) Representative Western blot of total and phosphorylated Akt (P-Akt) levels in the liver of mice after portal insulin injection. Data are expressed as the percentage of (P-Akt) to total Akt. White circles: chow diet (CD), C) Plasma concentrations of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL6), interleukin-10 (IL10), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), and tumor-necrosis factor ? (TNF?)
Results are presented as the mean SE, and the statistical significance of differences were determined with one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test. *P >0.05, ?P > 0.01, ?P > 0.001; ns, not significant. All data were obtained with 8-wk-old mice fed the CD or HFCC-CDX diet for 3 wk. HFCC-CDX-fed mice were treated daily with liraglutide (HFCC-CDX-Lira) or vehicle (HFCC-CDX), HFCC-CDX with liraglutide ,