, Finally, most studies of job strain and health have focused on 188 high-strain jobs. However, from a neuropsychological perspective
, Psychosocial job characteristics were 202 measured on average 4 years before retirement using Karasek's Job Content Ques-203 tionnaire (job demands, job control, and demand-control combinations). Both high-204 demand, low-control (high-strain) and low-demand, low-control (passive) work are 205 significant predictors of moderate and severe cognitive impairment in certain 206 domains after retirement, Sabbath and our team
, These findings corroborate results obtained in the Kungsholmen project (Wang 209 et al. 2012); a cohort of 931 community dwellers aged 75+ years where lifelong 210 work-related psychosocial stress, characterized by low job control and high job 211 strain, was associated with increased risk of AD and dementia
, Thus, improving the complexity or variety in passive jobs -many of which are between high-strain and passive work and most cognitive tests upon 223 adjustment for socioeconomic status. The observed attenuation may have occurred 224 because of covariation of low job control with low SES markers. In addition, 225 occupation-based SES may partially reflect physical and chemical occupational
, GAZEL investigators launched two campaigns to conduct, 2002.
, lifetime exposure trajectories can be calculated because 320 full job histories are available through company records. Chemical exposure was 321 assessed through a job-exposure matrix called MATEX specific to EDF-GDF 322, The MATEX JEM has been validated, and widely used, 1991.
, Overall, there were a large number of male subjects exposed at least once during 324 their career to each of the agents of the JEM; for instance, almost 40% were exposed 325 to solvents, 26.6% to asbestos, 29.2% to PCBs, and 31.8% to herbicides-pesticides; to allocate subject-specific cumulative exposure indices (duration and level) 329 for each agent at yearly intervals. This allows to account for age at first exposure, 330 latency, and different time windows of exposure. We characterize lifetime inhaled 331 exposure to four categories of organic solvents: chlorinated solvents (tetra-332 chloromethane, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, dichloromethane, tri-333 chloroethane), petroleum solvents (hydrazine, others) benzene
, cognitive 336 performance was assessed using the digit symbol substitution test (DSST), which 337 evaluates response speed, sustained attention, visual spatial skills, associative learn-338 ing, and memory. We showed a greater risk of poor cognitive performance (DSST 339 score <25th percentile) among those, pp.2002-2004
, chlorinated (OR = 1.39; 95% CI 1.3-2.3), aromatic 341 (OR = 1.76; 95% CI 1.08-2.87), and petroleum solvents (OR = 1.50; 95% CI 342 1.23-1.81). These results suggest that occupational exposures to solvents may be 343 associated later in life with cognitive impairment, even after taking into account the 344 effects of education, employment grade, and numerous health factors, 95% CI 1.31-1.90)
, Within this group, there was a dose-response 353 relationship between lifetime exposure to each solvent type and relative risk 354 (RR) for poor cognition (e.g., for high exposure to benzene, RR = 1.24, 95% CI 355 1.09-1.41), with significant linear trends in three out of four solvent types. As 356 solvent exposure is associated with poor cognition only among less-educated par-357 ticipants, vol.159, pp.175-183
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