W. Eder, M. J. Ege, and E. Von-mutius, The asthma epidemic, N Engl J Med, vol.355, issue.21, p.17124020, 2006.

R. Beasley, A. Semprini, and E. A. Mitchell, Risk factors for asthma: is prevention possible?, Lancet, vol.386, issue.9998, p.26382999, 2015.

C. Almqvist, M. Worm, and B. Leynaert, Impact of gender on asthma in childhood and adolescence: a GA2LEN review, Allergy, vol.63, issue.1, p.17822448, 2008.

N. M. Vink, D. S. Postma, J. P. Schouten, J. G. Rosmalen, and H. M. Boezen, Gender differences in asthma development and remission during transition through puberty: the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) study, J Allergy Clin Immunol, vol.126, issue.3, p.20816186, 2010.

J. G. Zein and S. C. Erzurum, Asthma is different in women, Curr Allergy Asthma Rep, vol.15, issue.6, p.28, 2015.

N. Mccleary, B. I. Nwaru, U. B. Nurmatov, H. Critchley, and A. Sheikh, Endogenous and exogenous sex steroid hormones in asthma and allergy in females: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, vol.141, issue.4, p.29305316, 2018.

F. Macsali, C. Svanes, L. Bjorge, and E. R. Omenaas, Gomez Real F. Respiratory health in women: from menarche to menopause, Exp Rev Resp Med, vol.6, issue.2, p.22455491, 2012.

H. S. Mumby, C. E. Elks, S. Li, S. J. Sharp, K. T. Khaw et al., Mendelian randomisation study of childhood BMI and early menarche, J Obes, p.21773002, 2011.

S. Lieberoth, E. J. Gade, J. Brok, V. Backer, and S. F. Thomsen, Age at menarche and risk of asthma: systematic review and meta-analysis, J Asthma, vol.51, issue.6, p.24628525, 2014.

F. R. Day, C. E. Elks, A. Murray, K. K. Ong, and J. R. Perry, Puberty timing associated with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and also diverse health outcomes in men and women: the UK Biobank study, Sci Rep, vol.5, p.11208, 2015.

S. Hansen, N. Probst-hensch, R. Bettschart, M. Pons, B. Leynaert et al., Early menarche and new onset of asthma: results from the SAPALDIA cohort study, Maturitas, vol.101, p.28539170, 2017.

A. Drosdzol, V. Skrzypulec, K. Wilk, and K. Nowosielski, The influence of bronchial asthma on sexual maturation of girls, J Physiol Pharmacol, vol.58, issue.5, p.18204126, 2007.

D. Smith, G. Ebrahim, and S. , Mendelian randomization': can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?, Int J Epidemiol, vol.32, issue.1, p.12689998, 2003.

N. A. Sheehan, V. Didelez, P. R. Burton, and M. D. Tobin, Mendelian randomisation and causal inference in observational epidemiology, PLoS Med, vol.5, issue.8, p.18752343, 2008.

C. Sudlow, J. Gallacher, N. Allen, V. Beral, P. Burton et al., UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age, PLoS Med, vol.12, issue.3, p.25826379, 2015.

F. R. Day, D. J. Thompson, H. Helgason, D. I. Chasman, H. Finucane et al., Genomic analyses identify hundreds of variants associated with age at menarche and support a role for puberty timing in cancer risk, Nat Genet, vol.49, issue.6, p.28436984, 2017.

T. M. Palmer, D. A. Lawlor, R. M. Harbord, N. A. Sheehan, J. H. Tobias et al., Using multiple genetic variants as instrumental variables for modifiable risk factors, Stat Methods Med Res, vol.21, issue.3, p.21216802, 2012.

D. A. Lawlor, R. M. Harbord, J. A. Sterne, N. Timpson, D. Smith et al., Mendelian randomization: using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology, Stat Med, vol.27, issue.8, p.17886233, 2008.

D. Welter, J. Macarthur, J. Morales, T. Burdett, P. Hall et al., The NHGRI GWAS Catalog, a curated resource of SNP-trait associations, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.42, p.24316577, 2014.

W. Yu, M. Gwinn, M. Clyne, A. Yesupriya, and M. J. Khoury, A navigator for human genome epidemiology, Nat Genet, vol.40, issue.2, p.18227866, 2008.

K. K. Ong, C. E. Elks, S. Li, J. H. Zhao, J. Luan et al., Genetic variation in LIN28B is associated with the timing of puberty, Nat Genet, vol.41, issue.6, p.19448623, 2009.

F. R. Day, B. Bulik-sullivan, D. A. Hinds, H. K. Finucane, J. M. Murabito et al., Shared genetic aetiology of puberty timing between sexes and with health-related outcomes, Nat Commun, vol.6, p.8842, 2015.

J. K. Pickrell, T. Berisa, J. Z. Liu, L. Segurel, J. Y. Tung et al., Detection and interpretation of shared genetic influences on 42 human traits, Nat Genet, vol.48, issue.7, p.27182965, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02122294

S. Burgess, F. Dudbridge, and S. G. Thompson, Combining information on multiple instrumental variables in Mendelian randomization: comparison of allele score and summarized data methods, Stat Med, vol.35, issue.11, p.26661904, 2016.

C. Bycroft, C. Freeman, D. Petkova, G. Band, L. T. Elliott et al., Genome-wide genetic data oñ 500,000 UK Biobank participants, 2017.

T. M. Palmer, J. A. Sterne, R. M. Harbord, D. A. Lawlor, N. A. Sheehan et al., Instrumental variable estimation of causal risk ratios and causal odds ratios in Mendelian randomization analyses, Am J Epidemiol, vol.173, issue.12, p.21555716, 2011.

V. Didelez, S. Meng, and N. A. Sheehan, Assumptions of IV methods for observational epidemiology, Stat Sci, vol.25, issue.1, pp.22-40, 2010.

M. F. Greco, C. Minelli, N. A. Sheehan, and J. R. Thompson, Detecting pleiotropy in Mendelian randomisation studies with summary data and a continuous outcome, Stat Med, vol.34, issue.21, p.25950993, 2015.

S. Vansteelandt, J. Bowden, M. Babanezhad, and E. Goetghebeur, On instrumental variables estimation of causal odds ratios, Stat Sci, vol.26, pp.403-425, 2011.

Q. Zhao, J. Wang, G. Hemani, J. Bowden, and D. S. Small, Statistical inference in two-sample summary data Mendelian randomization using a robust adjusted profile score. arXiv, 2018.

J. R. Thompson, C. Minelli, D. Greco, and M. F. , Mendelian randomization using public data from genetic consortia, Int J Biostat, vol.12, issue.2, p.27092657, 2016.

S. Burgess, A. Butterworth, and S. G. Thompson, Mendelian randomization analysis with multiple genetic variants using summarized data, Genet Epidemiol, vol.37, issue.7, p.24114802, 2013.

J. Bowden, D. Greco, M. F. Minelli, C. , D. Smith et al., A framework for the investigation of pleiotropy in two-sample summary data Mendelian randomization, Stat Med, vol.36, issue.11, p.28114746, 2017.

J. Bowden, D. Smith, G. Burgess, and S. , Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression, Int J Epidemiol, vol.44, issue.2, pp.512-537, 2015.

J. Bowden, D. Smith, G. Haycock, P. C. Burgess, and S. , Consistent estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator, Genet Epidemiol, vol.40, issue.4, p.27061298, 2016.

J. R. Staley, J. Blackshaw, M. A. Kamat, S. Ellis, P. Surendran et al., PhenoScanner: a database of human genotype-phenotype associations, Bioinformatics, vol.32, issue.20, p.27318201, 2016.

S. H. Gage, H. J. Jones, S. Burgess, J. Bowden, D. Smith et al., Assessing causality in associations between cannabis use and schizophrenia risk: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study, Psychol Med, vol.47, issue.5, p.27928975, 2017.

J. Bowden, D. Greco, M. F. Minelli, C. , D. Smith et al., Assessing the suitability of summary data for two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses using MR-Egger regression: the role of the I2 statistic, Int J Epidemiol, vol.45, issue.6, p.27616674, 2016.

S. R. Cole, R. W. Platt, E. F. Schisterman, H. Chu, D. Westreich et al., Illustrating bias due to conditioning on a collider, Int J Epidemiol, vol.39, issue.2, pp.417-437, 2010.

C. Draijer, M. N. Hylkema, C. E. Boorsma, P. A. Klok, P. Robbe et al., Sexual maturation protects against development of lung inflammation through estrogen, Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, vol.310, issue.2, p.26608529, 2016.

M. A. Jenkins, S. C. Dharmage, L. B. Flander, J. A. Douglass, A. M. Ugoni et al., Parity and decreased use of oral contraceptives as predictors of asthma in young women, Clin Exp Allergy, vol.36, issue.5, p.16650045, 2006.

A. Vrieze, D. S. Postma, and H. A. Kerstjens, Perimenstrual asthma: a syndrome without known cause or cure, J Allergy Clin Immunol, vol.112, issue.2, p.12897732, 2003.

R. J. Troisi, F. E. Speizer, W. C. Willett, D. Trichopoulos, and B. Rosner, Menopause, postmenopausal estrogen preparations, and the risk of adult-onset asthma. A prospective cohort study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.152, issue.4, p.7551368, 1995.

J. Mendle, E. Turkheimer, and R. E. Emery, Detrimental psychological outcomes associated with early pubertal timing in adolescent girls, Dev Rev, vol.27, issue.2, p.20740062, 2007.

G. Wyshak and R. E. Frisch, Evidence for a secular trend in age of menarche, N Engl J Med, vol.306, issue.17, p.7062994, 1982.

A. Hillard and P. J. , Menstruation in adolescents: what's normal, what's not, Ann N Y Acad Sci, vol.1135, p.18574205, 2008.

M. M. Fisher and E. A. Eugster, What is in our environment that effects puberty?, Reprod Toxicol, vol.44, p.23602892, 2014.

T. Kelly, W. Yang, C. S. Chen, K. Reynolds, and J. He, Global burden of obesity in 2005 and projections to 2030, Int J Obes (Lond), vol.32, issue.9, p.18607383, 2008.

A. M. Zama and M. Uzumcu, Epigenetic effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on female reproduction: an ovarian perspective, Front Neuroendocrinol, vol.31, issue.4, p.20609371, 2010.

M. B. Pierce and D. A. Leon, Age at menarche and adult BMI in the Aberdeen children of the 1950s cohort study, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.82, issue.4, p.16210700, 2005.

T. T. Gong, Q. J. Wu, E. Vogtmann, B. Lin, and Y. L. Wang, Age at menarche and risk of ovarian cancer: a metaanalysis of epidemiological studies, Int J Cancer, vol.132, issue.12, p.23175139, 2013.

C. He, C. Zhang, D. J. Hunter, S. E. Hankinson, B. Louis et al., Age at menarche and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from 2 large prospective cohort studies, Am J Epidemiol, vol.171, issue.3, pp.334-378, 2010.

C. C. Hsieh, D. Trichopoulos, K. Katsouyanni, and S. Yuasa, Age at menarche, age at menopause, height and obesity as risk factors for breast cancer: associations and interactions in an international case-control study, Int J Cancer, vol.46, issue.5, p.2228308, 1990.

R. Lakshman, N. G. Forouhi, S. J. Sharp, R. Luben, S. A. Bingham et al., Early age at menarche associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, vol.94, issue.12, pp.4953-60, 2009.

F. Macsali, F. G. Real, E. Plana, J. Sunyer, J. Anto et al., Early age at menarche, lung function, and adult asthma, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.183, issue.1, p.20732985, 2011.

D. Gill, N. A. Sheehan, M. Wielscher, N. Shrine, A. Amaral et al., Age at menarche and lung function: a Mendelian randomization study, Eur J Epidemiol, vol.32, issue.8, p.28624884, 2017.

D. Gill, C. F. Brewer, D. Greco, M. F. Sivakumaran, P. Bowden et al., Age at menarche and adult body mass index: a Mendelian randomization study, Int J Obes, 2018.

D. Smith, G. Hemani, and G. , Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies, Hum Mol Genet, vol.23, issue.R1, p.25064373, 2014.

M. L. Harries, J. M. Walker, D. M. Williams, S. Hawkins, and I. A. Hughes, Changes in the male voice at puberty, Arch Dis Child, vol.77, issue.5, p.9487971, 1997.

K. K. Ong, D. Bann, A. K. Wills, K. Ward, J. E. Adams et al., Timing of voice breaking in males associated with growth and weight gain across the life course, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, vol.97, issue.8, p.22654120, 2012.