A. M. Estrada-sánchez, J. Mejía-toiber, and L. Massieu, Excitotoxic neuronal death and the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease, Arch Med Res, vol.39, pp.265-76, 2008.

A. L. Southwell, J. Ko, and P. H. Patterson, Intrabody gene therapy ameliorates motor, cognitive, and neuropathological symptoms in multiple mouse models of Huntington's disease, J Neurosci, vol.29, pp.13589-602, 2009.

L. Mangiarini, K. Sathasivam, M. Seller, B. Cozens, A. Harper et al., Exon 1 of the HD gene with an expanded CAG repeat is sufficient to cause a progressive neurological phenotype in transgenic mice, Cell, vol.87, pp.493-506, 1996.

Z. Demarch, C. Giampà, S. Patassini, G. Bernardi, and F. R. Fusco, Beneficial effects of rolipram in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease, Neurobiol Dis, vol.30, pp.375-87, 2008.

K. P. Murphy, R. J. Carter, L. A. Lione, L. Mangiarini, A. Mahal et al., Abnormal synaptic plasticity and impaired spatial cognition in mice transgenic for exon 1 of the human Huntington's disease mutation, J Neurosci, vol.20, pp.5115-5138, 2000.

C. Zuccato, A. Ciammola, D. Rigamonti, B. R. Leavitt, D. Goffredo et al., Loss of huntingtin-mediated BDNF gene transcription in Huntington's disease, Science, vol.293, pp.493-501, 2001.

C. Zuccato, D. Liber, C. Ramos, A. Tarditi, D. Rigamonti et al., Progressive loss of BDNF in a mouse model of Huntington's disease and rescue by BDNF delivery, Pharmacol Res, vol.52, pp.133-142, 2005.

N. D. Dey, M. C. Bombard, B. P. Roland, S. Davidson, M. Lu et al., Genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells reduce behavioral deficits in the YAC 128 mouse model of Huntington's disease, Behav Brain Res, vol.214, pp.193-200, 2010.

K. Jin, M. Lafevre-bernt, Y. Sun, S. Chen, J. Gafni et al., FGF-2 promotes neurogenesis and neuroprotection and prolongs survival in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.102, pp.18189-94, 2005.

J. Rossignol, C. Boyer, X. Lévèque, K. D. Fink, R. Thinard et al., Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation and DMEM administration in a 3NP rat model of Huntington's disease: morphological and behavioral outcomes, Behav Brain Res, vol.217, pp.369-78, 2011.

A. Bachoud-lévi, V. Gaura, P. Brugières, J. Lefaucheur, M. Boissé et al., Effect of fetal neural transplants in patients with Huntington's disease 6 years after surgery: a long-term follow-up study, Lancet Neurol, vol.5, pp.303-312, 2006.

F. Cicchetti, S. Saporta, R. A. Hauser, M. Parent, M. Saint-pierre et al., Neural transplants in patients with Huntington's disease undergo disease-like neuronal degeneration, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.106, pp.12483-12491, 2009.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0904239106

URL : http://www.pnas.org/content/106/30/12483.full.pdf

C. D. Keene, J. A. Sonnen, P. D. Swanson, O. Kopyov, J. B. Leverenz et al., Neural transplantation in Huntington disease: long-term grafts in two patients, Neurology, vol.68, pp.2093-2101, 2007.

C. D. Keene, R. C. Chang, J. B. Leverenz, O. Kopyov, S. Perlman et al., A patient with Huntington's disease and long-surviving fetal neural transplants that developed mass lesions, Acta Neuropathol, vol.117, pp.329-367, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00401-008-0465-0

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2676786?pdf=render

C. Svendsen, Adult versus embryonic stem cells: which is the way forward?, Trends Neurosci, vol.23, p.450, 2000.

M. Dominici, L. Blanc, K. Mueller, I. Slaper-cortenbach, I. Marini et al., Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement, Cytotherapy, vol.8, pp.315-322, 2006.
DOI : 10.1080/14653240600855905

L. Lescaudron, D. Unni, and G. L. Dunbar, Autologous adult bone marrow stem cell transplantation in an animal model of Huntington's disease: behavioral and morphological outcomes, Int J Neurosci, vol.113, pp.945-56, 2003.

G. L. Dunbar, M. I. Sandstrom, J. Rossignol, and L. Lescaudron, Neurotrophic enhancers as therapy for behavioral deficits in rodent models of Huntington's disease: use of gangliosides, substituted pyrimidines, and mesenchymal stem cells, Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev, vol.5, pp.63-79, 2006.

N. Ahmadbeigi, M. Soleimani, Y. Gheisari, M. Vasei, S. Amanpour et al., Dormant phase and multinuclear cells: two key phenomena in early culture of murine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, Stem Cells Dev, vol.20, pp.1337-1384, 2011.

J. Rossignol, C. Boyer, R. Thinard, R. S. Dugast, A. Dubayle et al., Mesenchymal stem cells induce a weak immune response in the rat striatum after allo or xenotransplantation, J Cell Mol Med, vol.13, pp.2547-58, 2009.

L. Lescaudron, C. Boyer, V. Bonnamain, K. D. Fink, X. Lévêque et al., Assessing the potential clinical utility of transplantations of neural and mesenchymal stem cells for treating neurodegenerative diseases, Methods Mol Biol, vol.879, pp.147-64, 2012.

P. Samadi, A. Boutet, V. V. Rymar, K. Rawal, J. Maheux et al., Relationship between BDNF expression in major striatal afferents, striatum morphology and motor behavior in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease, Genes Brain Behav, vol.12, pp.108-132, 2013.

K. D. Fink, J. Rossignol, A. T. Crane, K. K. Davis, M. C. Bombard et al., Transplantation of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells into the striata of R6/2 mice: behavioral and neuropathological analysis, Stem Cell Res Ther, vol.4, p.130, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00903910

M. J. West, L. Slomianka, and H. J. Gundersen, Unbiased stereological estimation of the total number of neurons in the subdivisions of the rat hippocampus using the optical fractionator, Anat Rec, vol.231, pp.482-97, 1991.

R. Lalonde and C. Strazielle, Brain regions and genes affecting limb-clasping responses, Brain Res Rev, vol.67, pp.252-261, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2011.02.005

O. Eschenko and S. Mizumori, Memory influences on hippocampal and striatal neural codes: effects of a shift between task rules, Neurobiol Learn Mem, vol.87, pp.495-509, 2007.

M. Edalatmanesh, M. M. Matin, Z. Neshati, A. Bahrami, and M. Kheirabadi, Systemic transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells can reduce cognitive and motor deficits in rats with unilateral lesions of the neostriatum, Neurol Res, vol.32, pp.166-72, 2010.

W. Im, J. Ban, J. Lim, M. Lee, S. Lee et al., Extracts of adipose derived stem cells slows progression in the R6/2 model of Huntington's disease, PLoS One, vol.8, p.59438, 2013.

A. J. Morton, M. J. Hunt, A. K. Hodges, P. D. Lewis, A. J. Redfern et al., A combination drug therapy improves cognition and reverses gene expression changes in a mouse model of Huntington's disease, Eur J Neurosci, vol.21, pp.855-70, 2005.

B. R. Snyder, A. M. Chiu, D. J. Prockop, and A. Chan, Human multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) increase neurogenesis and decrease atrophy of the striatum in a transgenic mouse model for Huntington's disease, PLoS One, vol.5, p.9347, 2010.

E. M. Amin, B. A. Reza, B. R. Morteza, M. M. Maryam, M. Ali et al., Microanatomical evidences for potential of mesenchymal stem cells in amelioration of striatal degeneration, Neurol Res, vol.30, pp.1086-90, 2008.

Y. Lin, Y. Chern, C. Shen, H. Wen, Y. Chang et al., Human mesenchymal stem cells prolong survival and ameliorate motor deficit through trophic support in Huntington's disease mouse models, PLoS One, vol.6, p.22924, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0022924

URL : https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0022924&type=printable

K. Bantubungi, D. Blum, L. Cuvelier, S. Wislet-gendebien, B. Rogister et al., Stem cell factor and mesenchymal and neural stem cell transplantation in a rat model of Huntington's disease, Mol Cell Neurosci, vol.37, pp.454-70, 2008.

O. Sadan, N. Shemesh, R. Barzilay, M. Bahat-stromza, E. Melamed et al., Migration of neurotrophic factors-secreting mesenchymal stem cells toward a quinolinic acid lesion as viewed by magnetic resonance imaging, Stem Cells, vol.26, pp.2542-51, 2008.

M. Miura, Y. Miura, H. M. Padilla-nash, A. A. Molinolo, B. Fu et al., Accumulated Chromosomal instability in murine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells leads to malignant transformation, Stem Cells, vol.24, pp.1095-103, 2006.

Y. F. Zhou, M. Bosch-marce, H. Okuyama, B. Krishnamachary, H. Kimura et al., Spontaneous transformation of cultured mouse bone marrow-derived stromal cells, Cancer Res, vol.66, pp.10849-54, 2006.

A. Ciammola, J. Sassone, M. Cannella, S. Calza, B. Poletti et al., Low brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in serum of Huntington's disease patients, Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet, vol.144, pp.574-581, 2007.

P. Conforti, C. Ramos, B. L. Apostol, D. A. Simmons, H. P. Nguyen et al., Blood level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA is progressively reduced in rodent models of Huntington's disease: restoration by the neuroprotective compound CEP-1347, Mol Cell Neurosci, vol.39, pp.1-7, 2008.

Y. Jiang, H. Lv, S. Huang, H. Tan, Y. Zhang et al., Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can improve the motor function of a Huntington's disease rat model, Neurol Res, vol.33, pp.331-338, 2011.

J. Rehman, D. Traktuev, J. Li, S. Merfeld-clauss, C. J. Temm-grove et al., Secretion of angiogenic and antiapoptotic factors by human adipose stromal cells, Circulation, vol.109, pp.1292-1300, 2004.

M. Wang, P. R. Crisostomo, C. Herring, K. K. Meldrum, and D. R. Meldrum, Human progenitor cells from bone marrow or adipose tissue produce VEGF, HGF, and IGF-I in response to TNF by a p38 MAPK-dependent mechanism, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, vol.291, pp.880-884, 2006.

J. L. Mcbride, S. Ramaswamy, M. Gasmi, R. T. Bartus, C. D. Herzog et al., Viral delivery of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor improves behavior and protects striatal neurons in a mouse model of Huntington's disease, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.103, pp.9345-50, 2006.

A. Bertolo, M. Mehr, T. Janner-jametti, U. Graumann, N. Aebli et al., An in vitro expansion score for tissue-engineering applications with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2013.

J. Chang, H. Lei, Q. Liu, S. Qin, K. Ma et al., Optimization of culture of mesenchymal stem cells: a comparison of conventional plate and microcarrier cultures, Cell Prolif, vol.45, pp.430-437, 2012.

D. P. Lennon, M. D. Schluchter, and A. I. Caplan, The effect of extended first passage culture on the proliferation and differentiation of human marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, Stem Cells Transl Med, vol.1, pp.279-88, 2012.

X. Li, J. Ding, Z. Zheng, X. Li, Z. Wu et al., Long-term culture in vitro impairs the immunosuppressive activity of mesenchymal stem cells on T cells, Mol Med Rep, vol.6, pp.1183-1192, 2012.

. Rossignol, Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central and take full advantage of: ? Convenient online submission ? Thorough peer review ? No space constraints or color figure charges ? Immediate publication on acceptance ? Inclusion in PubMed, CAS, Scopus and Google Scholar ? Research which is freely available for redistribution, Stem Cell Research & Therapy, vol.6, issue.9, 2015.