F. Vincenti, C. Larsen, A. Durrbach, T. Wekerle, B. Nashan et al., Belatacept Study Group: Costimulation blockade with belatacept in renal transplantation, N Engl J Med, vol.353, pp.770-781, 2005.

F. Vincenti, B. Charpentier, Y. Vanrenterghem, L. Rostaing, B. Bresnahan et al., A phase III study of belatacept-based immunosuppression regimens versus cyclosporine in renal transplant recipients (BENEFIT study), Am J Transplant, vol.10, pp.535-546, 2010.

E. J. Kim, J. Kwun, A. C. Gibby, J. J. Hong, . Farris-ab-3rd et al., Costimulation blockade alters germinal center responses and prevents antibody-mediated rejection, Am J Transplant, vol.14, pp.59-69, 2014.

N. Poirier, C. Mary, N. Dilek, J. Hervouet, D. Minault et al., Preclinical efficacy and immunological safety of FR104, an antagonist anti-CD28 monovalent Fab' antibody, Am J Transplant, vol.12, pp.2630-2640, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-02167934

N. Poirier, A. M. Azimzadeh, T. Zhang, N. Dilek, C. Mary et al., Inducing CTLA-4-dependent immune regulation by selective CD28 blockade promotes regulatory T cells in organ transplantation, Sci Transpl Med, vol.2, pp.17-27, 2010.

L. Walker and D. M. Sansom, The emerging role of CTLA4 as a cell-extrinsic regulator of T cell responses, Nat Rev Immunol, vol.11, pp.852-863, 2011.

S. M. Krummey and M. L. Ford, Braking bad: Novel mechanisms of CTLA-4 inhibition of T cell responses, Am J Transplant, vol.14, pp.2685-2690, 2014.

M. Haas, B. Sis, L. C. Racusen, K. Solez, D. Glotz et al., Mengel M; Banff meeting report writing committee: Banff 2013 meeting report: Inclusion of c4d-negative antibody-mediated rejection and antibody-associated arterial lesions, Am J Transplant, vol.14, pp.272-283, 2014.

W. Chen, J. W. Wahl, and S. M. , Engagement of cytotoxic T lymphocyteassociated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) induces transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) production by murine CD4(+) T cells, J Exp Med, vol.188, pp.1849-1857, 1998.

D. Liu, S. M. Krummey, I. R. Badell, M. Wagener, L. A. Schneeweis et al., 2B4 (CD244) induced by selective CD28 blockade functionally regulates allograft-specific CD8+ T cell responses, J Exp Med, vol.211, pp.297-311, 2014.

S. M. Krummey, T. L. Floyd, D. Liu, M. E. Wagener, M. Song et al., Candidaelicited murine Th17 cells express high Ctla-4 compared with Th1 cells and are resistant to costimulation blockade, J Immunol, vol.192, pp.2495-2504, 2014.

S. M. Krummey, J. A. Cheeseman, J. A. Conger, P. S. Jang, A. K. Mehta et al., High CTLA-4 expression on Th17 cells results in increased sensitivity to CTLA-4 coinhibition and resistance to belatacept, Am J Transplant, vol.14, pp.607-614, 2014.

C. S. Ma, E. K. Deenick, M. Batten, and S. G. Tangye, The origins, function, and regulation of T follicular helper cells, J Exp Med, vol.209, pp.1241-1253, 2012.

H. Xu, X. Wang, A. A. Lackner, and R. S. Veazey, PD-1(HIGH) follicular CD4 T helper cell subsets residing in lymph node germinal centers correlate with B cell maturation and IgG production in rhesus macaques, Front Immunol, vol.5, 2014.

S. Bentebibel, N. Schmitt, J. Banchereau, and H. Ueno, Human tonsil B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6)-expressing CD4+ T-cell subset specialized for B-cell help outside germinal centers, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.108, pp.488-497, 2011.

N. Poirier, N. Dilek, C. Mary, S. Ville, F. Coulon et al., FR104, an antagonist anti-CD28 monovalent fab' antibody, prevents alloimmunization and allows calcineurin inhibitor minimization in nonhuman primate renal allograft, Am J Transplant, vol.15, pp.88-100, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-02148443

U. Baron, S. Floess, G. Wieczorek, K. Baumann, A. Grützkau et al., DNA demethylation in the human FOXP3 locus discriminates regulatory T cells from activated FOXP3(+) conventional T cells, Eur J Immunol, vol.37, pp.2378-2389, 2007.

S. Floess, J. Freyer, C. Siewert, U. Baron, S. Olek et al., Epigenetic control of the foxp3 locus in regulatory T cells, vol.5, p.38, 2007.

R. Zhang, A. Huynh, G. Whitcher, J. Chang, J. S. Maltzman et al., An obligate cell-intrinsic function for CD28 in Tregs, J Clin Invest, vol.123, pp.580-593, 2013.

K. Wing, Y. Onishi, P. Prieto-martin, T. Yamaguchi, M. Miyara et al., CTLA-4 control over Foxp3+ regulatory T cell function, Science, vol.322, pp.271-275, 2008.

L. V. Riella, T. Liu, J. Yang, S. Chock, T. Shimizu et al., Deleterious effect of CTLA4-Ig on a Tregdependent transplant model, Am J Transplant, vol.12, pp.846-855, 2012.

L. Charbonnier, B. Vokaer, P. H. Lemaître, K. A. Field, O. Leo et al., A: CTLA4-Ig restores rejection of MHC class-II mismatched allografts by disabling IL-2-expanded regulatory T cells, Am J Transplant, vol.12, pp.2313-2321, 2012.

P. Grimbert, V. Audard, C. Diet, M. Matignon, A. Plonquet et al., T-cell phenotype in protocol renal biopsy from transplant recipients treated with belatacept-mediated co-stimulatory blockade, Nephrol Dial Transplant, vol.26, pp.1087-1093, 2011.

T. Zhang, S. Fresnay, E. Welty, N. Sangrampurkar, E. Rybak et al., Azimzadeh AM: Selective CD28 blockade attenuates acute and chronic rejection of murine cardiac allografts in a CTLA-4-dependent manner, Am J Transplant, vol.11, pp.1599-1609, 2011.

U. Grohmann, C. Orabona, F. Fallarino, C. Vacca, F. Calcinaro et al., CTLA-4-Ig regulates tryptophan catabolism in vivo, Nat Immunol, vol.3, pp.1097-1101, 2002.

W. Chen, X. Liang, A. J. Peterson, D. H. Munn, and B. R. Blazar, The indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase pathway is essential for human plasmacytoid dendritic cell-induced adaptive T regulatory cell generation, J Immunol, vol.181, pp.5396-5404, 2008.

K. Semple, A. Nguyen, Y. Yu, H. Wang, C. Anasetti et al., Strong CD28 costimulation suppresses induction of regulatory T cells from naive precursors through Lck signaling, vol.117, pp.3096-3103, 2011.

M. J. Barnes, T. Griseri, A. Johnson, W. Young, F. Powrie et al., CTLA-4 promotes Foxp3 induction and regulatory T cell accumulation in the intestinal lamina propria, Mucosal Immunol, vol.6, pp.324-334, 2013.

A. B. Adams, M. A. Williams, T. R. Jones, N. Shirasugi, M. M. Durham et al., Heterologous immunity provides a potent barrier to transplantation tolerance, J Clin Invest, vol.111, pp.1887-1895, 2003.

L. K. Selin and M. A. Brehm, Frontiers in nephrology: Heterologous immunity, T cell cross-reactivity, and alloreactivity, J Am Soc Nephrol, vol.18, pp.2268-2277, 2007.

E. Cha, M. Klinger, Y. Hou, C. Cummings, A. Ribas et al., Improved survival with T cell clonotype stability after anti-CTLA-4 treatment in cancer patients, Sci Transpl Med, vol.6, pp.238-70, 2014.

, J Am Soc Nephrol, vol.27, pp.3577-3588, 2016.

, Anti-CD28 Versus Belatacept in Renal Transplants

M. M. Gubin, X. Zhang, H. Schuster, C. E. Ward, J. P. Noguchi et al., Checkpoint blockade cancer immunotherapy targets tumour-specific mutant antigens, Nature, vol.515, pp.577-581, 2014.

-. Twyman, C. Victor, A. J. Rech, A. Maity, R. Rengan et al., Radiation and dual checkpoint blockade activate non-redundant immune mechanisms in cancer, Nature, vol.520, pp.373-377, 2015.

T. A. Weaver, A. H. Charafeddine, A. Agarwal, A. P. Turner, M. Russell et al., Alefacept promotes co-stimulation blockade based allograft survival in nonhuman primates, Nat Med, vol.15, pp.746-749, 2009.

I. R. Badell, M. C. Russell, P. W. Thompson, A. P. Turner, T. A. Weaver et al., LFA-1-specific therapy prolongs allograft survival in rhesus macaques, J Clin Invest, vol.120, pp.4520-4531, 2010.

H. Xu, S. D. Perez, J. Cheeseman, A. K. Mehta, and A. D. Kirk, The allo-and viralspecific immunosuppressive effect of belatacept, but not tacrolimus, attenuates with progressive T cell maturation, Am J Transplant, vol.14, pp.319-332, 2014.

H. Ying, L. Yang, G. Qiao, Z. Li, L. Zhang et al., Cutting edge: CTLA-4-B7 interaction suppresses Th17 cell differentiation, J Immunol, vol.185, pp.1375-1378, 2010.

M. A. Linterman, R. J. Rigby, R. Wong, D. Silva, D. Withers et al., Roquin differentiates the specialized functions of duplicated T cell costimulatory receptor genes CD28 and ICOS, Immunity, vol.30, pp.228-241, 2009.

P. T. Sage, A. M. Paterson, S. B. Lovitch, and A. H. Sharpe, The coinhibitory receptor CTLA-4 controls B cell responses by modulating T follicular helper, T follicular regulatory, and T regulatory cells, Immunity, vol.41, pp.1026-1039, 2014.

V. M. Liarski, N. Kaverina, A. Chang, D. Brandt, D. Yanez et al., Cell distance mapping identifies functional T follicular helper cells in inflamed human renal tissue, Sci Transpl Med, vol.6, pp.230-276, 2014.

G. N. De-graav, M. Dieterich, D. A. Hesselink, K. Boer, M. C. Clahsen-van-groningen et al., Follicular T helper cells and humoral reactivity in kidney transplant patients, Clin Exp Immunol, vol.180, pp.329-340, 2015.

J. M. Venner, K. S. Famulski, D. Badr, L. G. Hidalgo, J. Chang et al., Molecular landscape of T cell-mediated rejection in human kidney transplants: Prominence of CTLA4 and PD ligands, Am J Transplant, vol.14, pp.2565-2576, 2014.

A. Petrelli, M. Carvello, A. Vergani, K. M. Lee, S. Tezza et al., IL-21 is an antitolerogenic cytokine of the late-phase alloimmune response, Diabetes, vol.60, pp.3223-3234, 2011.

I. Kotsianidis, E. Nakou, I. Bouchliou, A. Tzouvelekis, E. Spanoudakis et al., Global impairment of CD4, J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.179, pp.1121-1130, 2009.

F. Barzaghi, L. Passerini, and R. Bacchetta, Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, x-linked syndrome: A paradigm of immunodeficiency with autoimmunity, Front Immunol, vol.3, p.211, 2012.
DOI : 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00211

URL : https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2012.00211

M. Matignon, A. Aissat, F. Canoui-poitrine, C. Grondin, C. Pilon et al., Th-17 alloimmune responses in renal allograft biopsies from recipients of kidney transplants using extended criteria donors during acute T cell-mediated rejection, Am J Transplant, vol.15, pp.2718-2725, 2015.

G. Wieczorek, A. Asemissen, F. Model, I. Turbachova, S. Floess et al., Quantitative DNA methylation analysis of FOXP3 as a new method for counting regulatory T cells in peripheral blood and solid tissue, Cancer Res, vol.69, pp.599-608, 2009.