K. E. Lamb, S. Lodhi, and H. U. Meier-kriesche, Long-term renal allograft survival in the United States: a critical reappraisal, Am. J. Transplant, vol.11, pp.450-462, 2011.

Z. M. El-zoghby, M. D. Stegall, D. J. Lager, W. K. Kremers, H. Amer et al., Identifying specific causes of kidney allograft loss, Am. J. Transplant, vol.9, pp.527-535, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02519.x
URL : https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02519.x

B. J. Nankivell and S. I. Alexander, Rejection of the kidney allograft, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.363, pp.1451-1462, 2010.

M. Haas, B. Sis, L. C. Racusen, K. Solez, D. Glotz et al., Banff 2013 meeting report: inclusion of c4d-negative antibody-mediated rejection and antibody-associated arterial lesions

, Am. J. Transplant, vol.14, pp.272-283, 2014.

J. Dantal, Y. Godfrin, and J. P. Soulillou, New insight into the pathogenesis of the 'idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, Nephrol. Dial Transplant, vol.10, pp.1979-1982, 1995.

B. J. Nankivell, R. J. Borrows, C. L. Fung, P. J. O'connell, R. D. Allen et al., The natural history of chronic allograft nephropathy

. Engl, J. Med, vol.349, pp.2326-2333, 2003.

D. Sawinski, J. Trofe-clark, B. Leas, S. Uhl, S. Tuteja et al., Calcineurin inhibitor minimization, conversion, withdrawal, and avoidance strategies in renal transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Am. J. Transplant, vol.16, pp.2117-2138, 2016.

O. Thaunat, Finding the safe place between the hammer and the anvil: sounding the depth of therapeutic immunosuppression, Kidney Int, vol.88, pp.1226-1228, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01926815

O. Thaunat, C. Legendre, E. Morelon, H. Kreis, and M. F. Mamzer-bruneel, To biopsy or not to biopsy? Should we screen the histology of stable renal grafts? Transplantation, vol.84, pp.671-676, 2007.

P. N. Furness, C. M. Philpott, M. T. Chorbadjian, M. L. Nicholson, J. L. Bosmans et al., Protocol biopsy of the stable renal transplant: a multicenter study of methods and complication rates, Transplantation, vol.76, pp.969-973, 2003.

C. Hartono, D. Dadhania, and M. Suthanthiran, Noninvasive diagnosis of acute rejection of solid organ transplants, Front. Biosci, vol.9, pp.145-153, 2004.

, Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework, Biomarkers Definitions Working Group, vol.69, pp.89-95, 2001.

H. Salter and R. Holland, Biomarkers: refining diagnosis and expediting drug development-reality, aspiration and the role of open innovation

, J. Intern. Med, vol.276, pp.215-228, 2014.

A. Loupy, D. Vernerey, C. Tinel, O. Aubert, J. P. Duong-van-huyen et al., Subclinical rejection phenotypes at 1 year post-transplant and outcome of kidney allografts, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol, vol.26, pp.1721-1731, 2015.

R. Mehta, P. Sood, and S. Hariharan, Subclinical rejection in renal transplantation: reappraised. Transplantation, vol.100, pp.1610-1618, 2016.
DOI : 10.1097/tp.0000000000001163

B. Li, C. Hartono, R. Ding, V. K. Sharma, R. Ramaswamy et al., Noninvasive diagnosis of renal-allograft rejection by measurement of messenger RNA for perforin and granzyme B in urine

, J. Med, vol.344, pp.947-954, 2001.

R. R. Tatapudi, T. Muthukumar, D. Dadhania, R. Ding, B. Li et al., Noninvasive detection of renal allograft inflammation by measurements of mRNA for IP-10 and CXCR3 in urine

, Kidney Int, vol.65, pp.2390-2397, 2004.

R. Ding, B. Li, T. Muthukumar, D. Dadhania, M. Medeiros et al., CD103 mRNA levels in urinary cells predict acute rejection of renal allografts, Transplantation, vol.75, pp.1307-1312, 2003.

T. Muthukumar, R. Ding, D. Dadhania, M. Medeiros, B. Li et al., Serine proteinase inhibitor-9, an endogenous blocker of granzyme B/perforin lytic pathway, is hyperexpressed during acute rejection of renal allografts, Transplantation, vol.75, pp.1565-1570, 2003.

T. Muthukumar, D. Dadhania, R. Ding, C. Snopkowski, R. Naqvi et al., Messenger RNA for FOXP3 in the urine of renalallograft recipients, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.353, pp.2342-2351, 2005.

M. Suthanthiran, J. E. Schwartz, R. Ding, M. Abecassis, D. Dadhania et al., Urinary-cell mRNA profile and acute cellular rejection in kidney allografts, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.369, pp.20-31, 2013.

D. E. Hricik, P. Nickerson, R. N. Formica, E. D. Poggio, D. Rush et al., Multicenter validation of urinary CXCL9 as a, Eur. J. Immunol, vol.46, pp.2695-2704, 2016.

, risk-stratifying biomarker for kidney transplant injury, Am. J. Transplant, vol.13, pp.2634-2644, 2013.

M. Rabant, L. Amrouche, L. Morin, R. Bonifay, X. Lebreton et al., Early low urinary CXCL9 and CXCL10 might predict immunological quiescence in clinically and histologically stable kidney recipients, Am. J. Transplant, vol.16, pp.1868-1881, 2016.
DOI : 10.1111/ajt.13677

J. Ho, D. N. Rush, I. W. Gibson, M. Karpinski, L. Storsley et al., Early urinary CCL2 is associated with the later development of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy in renal allografts, Transplantation, vol.90, pp.394-400, 2010.

J. Ho, D. N. Rush, O. Krokhin, M. Antonovici, A. Gao et al., Elevated urinary matrix metalloproteinase-7 detects underlying renal allograft inflammation and injury, Transplantation, vol.100, pp.648-654, 2016.
DOI : 10.1097/tp.0000000000000867

J. M. Lorenzen, I. Volkmann, J. Fiedler, M. Schmidt, I. Scheffner et al., Urinary miR-210 as a mediator of acute T-cell mediated rejection in renal allograft recipients, Am. J. Transplant, vol.11, pp.2221-2227, 2011.

M. J. Everly, L. M. Rebellato, C. E. Haisch, M. Ozawa, K. Parker et al., Incidence and impact of de novo donor-specific alloantibody in primary renal allografts, Transplantation, vol.95, pp.410-417, 2013.

D. Viglietti, C. Lefaucheur, and D. Glotz, Evidence for an important role of both complement-binding and noncomplement-binding donorspecific antibodies in renal transplantation, Curr. Opin. Organ. Transplant, vol.21, pp.433-440, 2016.

N. Lachmann and C. Schonemann, The differential pathogenicity of HLA antibodies: what a large cross-sectional study can tell us, Clin. Transpl, vol.2013, pp.377-384

C. Lefaucheur, D. Viglietti, C. Bentlejewski, J. P. Duong-van-huyen, D. Vernerey et al., IgG donor-specific anti-human hla antibody subclasses and kidney allograft antibody-mediated injury
DOI : 10.1681/asn.2014111120
URL : https://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/27/1/293.full.pdf

, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol, vol.27, pp.293-304, 2016.

A. Sicard, S. Ducreux, M. Rabeyrin, L. Couzi, B. Mcgregor et al., Detection of C3d-binding donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies at diagnosis of humoral rejection predicts renal graft loss, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol, vol.26, pp.457-467, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01910934

C. Susal, D. Wettstein, B. Dohler, C. Morath, A. Ruhenstroth et al., Association of kidney graft loss with de novo produced donor-specific and non-donor-specific HLA antibodies detected by single antigen testing, Transplantation, vol.99, pp.1976-1980, 2015.

J. C. Cicciarelli, N. Kasahara, N. A. Lemp, R. Adamson, W. Dembitsky et al., Immunoglobulin G subclass analysis of HLA donor specific antibodies in heart and renal transplant recipients, Clin. Transpl, vol.2013, pp.413-422

M. J. Everly, L. M. Rebellato, C. E. Haisch, K. P. Briley, P. Bolin et al., Impact of IgM and IgG3 anti-HLA alloantibodies in primary renal allograft recipients, Transplantation, vol.97, pp.494-501, 2014.

G. Schlaf, W. W. Altermann, A. Rothhoff, and B. Seliger, Soluble CD30 serum level-an adequate marker for allograft rejection of solid organs?, Histol. Histopathol, vol.22, pp.1269-1279, 2007.

C. Susal, B. Dohler, M. Sadeghi, K. T. Salmela, R. Weimer et al., Posttransplant sCD30 as a predictor of kidney graft outcome, Transplantation, vol.91, pp.1364-1369, 2011.

P. C. Grenzi, E. F. Campos, H. Tedesco-silva, C. R. Felipe, M. F. Franco et al., Association of high post-transplant soluble CD30 serum levels with chronic allograft nephropathy, Transpl. Immunol. 2013, vol.29, issue.1-4, pp.34-38

D. Wang, G. Wu, J. Chen, Z. Yu, W. Wu et al., Predicting renal graft failure by sCD30 levels and de novo HLA antibodies at 1year post-transplantation, Transpl. Immunol, vol.26, pp.235-239, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.trim.2012.03.002

P. Hirt-minkowski, M. Roth, G. Honger, P. Amico, H. Hopfer et al., Soluble CD30 correlates with clinical but not subclinical renal allograft rejection, Transpl. Int, vol.26, pp.75-83, 2013.

L. L. Valke, B. Van-cranenbroek, L. B. Hilbrands, and I. Joosten, Soluble CD30 does not predict late acute rejection or safe tapering of immunosuppression in renal transplantation, Transpl. Immunol, vol.32, pp.18-22, 2015.

J. Ashton-chess, M. Giral, M. Mengel, K. Renaudin, Y. Foucher et al., Tribbles-1 as a novel biomarker of chronic antibody-mediated rejection, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol, vol.19, pp.1116-1127, 2008.

R. Danger, C. Paul, M. Giral, A. Lavault, Y. Foucher et al., Expression of miR-142-5p in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from renal transplant patients with chronic antibody-mediated rejection, PLoS One, vol.8, p.60702, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-02165884

L. Li, L. Ying, M. Naesens, W. Xiao, T. Sigdel et al., Interference of globin genes with biomarker discovery for allograft rejection in peripheral blood samples, Physiol. Genomics, vol.32, pp.190-197, 2008.

S. Roedder, T. Sigdel, N. Salomonis, S. Hsieh, H. Dai et al., The kSORT assay to detect renal transplant patients at high risk for acute rejection: results of the multicenter AART study, PLoS Med, vol.11, p.1001759, 2014.

E. Crespo, S. Roedder, T. Sigdel, S. C. Hsieh, S. Luque et al., Molecular and functional noninvasive immune monitoring in the ESCAPE study for prediction of subclinical renal allograft rejection, Transplantation, 2016.

C. M. Alvarez, G. Opelz, L. F. Garcia, and C. Susal, Expression of regulatory T-cell-related molecule genes and clinical outcome in kidney transplant recipients, Transplantation, vol.87, pp.857-863, 2009.

C. Braudeau, M. Racape, M. Giral, S. Louis, A. Moreau et al., is associated with acute cellular and antibody-mediated rejection after liver transplantation, Transplantation, vol.95, pp.1512-1520, 2013.

A. Cherukuri, D. M. Rothstein, B. Clark, C. R. Carter, A. Davison et al., Immunologic human renal allograft injury associates with an altered IL-10/TNF-alpha expression ratio in regulatory B cells, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol, vol.25, pp.1575-1585, 2014.

A. Nouel, I. Segalen, C. Jamin, L. Doucet, S. Caillard et al., B cells display an abnormal distribution and an impaired suppressive function in patients with chronic antibody-mediated rejection, Kidney. Int, vol.85, pp.590-599, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00955526

S. Shabir, J. Girdlestone, D. Briggs, B. Kaul, H. Smith et al., Transitional B lymphocytes are associated with protection from kidney allograft rejection: a prospective study, Am. J. Transplant, vol.15, pp.1384-1391, 2015.

S. Heidt, J. Hester, S. Shankar, P. J. Friend, and K. J. Wood, B cell repopulation after alemtuzumab induction-transient increase in transitional B cells and long-term dominance of naive B cells, Am. J. Transplant. 2012, vol.12, pp.1784-1792

K. A. Newell, A. Asare, A. D. Kirk, T. D. Gisler, K. Bourcier et al., Identification of a B cell signature associated with renal transplant tolerance in humans, J. Clin. Invest, vol.120, pp.1836-1847, 2010.

M. Chesneau, A. Pallier, F. Braza, G. Lacombe, S. Le-gallou et al., Unique B cell differentiation profile in tolerant kidney transplant patients, Am. J. Transplant, vol.14, pp.144-155, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00974748

P. Sagoo, E. Perucha, B. Sawitzki, S. Tomiuk, D. A. Stephens et al., Development of a cross-platform biomarker signature to detect renal transplant tolerance in humans, J. Clin. Invest, vol.120, pp.1848-1861, 2010.

K. A. Newell, A. Asare, I. Sanz, C. Wei, A. Rosenberg et al., Longitudinal studies of a B cell-derived signature of tolerance in renal transplant recipients, Am. J. Transplant, vol.15, pp.2908-2920, 2015.

F. Porcheray, W. Wong, S. L. Saidman, J. De-vito, T. C. Girouard et al., B-cell immunity in the context of T-cell tolerance after combined kidney and bone marrow transplantation in humans, Am. J. Transplant, vol.9, pp.2126-2135, 2009.

D. E. Hricik, J. Augustine, P. Nickerson, R. N. Formica, E. D. Poggio et al., Interferon gamma ELISPOT testing as a risk-stratifying biomarker for kidney transplant injury: results from the CTOT-01 multicenter study, Am. J. Transplant, vol.15, pp.3166-3173, 2015.

O. Bestard, J. M. Cruzado, M. Lucia, E. Crespo, L. Casis et al., Prospective assessment of antidonor cellular alloreactivity is a tool for guidance of immunosuppression in kidney transplantation, Kidney Int, vol.84, pp.1226-1236, 2013.

D. E. Hricik, V. Rodriguez, J. Riley, K. Bryan, M. Tary-lehmann et al., Enzyme linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay for interferon-gamma independently predicts renal function in kidney transplant recipients, Am. J. Transplant, vol.3, pp.878-884, 2003.

O. Bestard, E. Crespo, M. Stein, M. Lucia, D. L. Roelen et al., Cross-validation of IFN-gamma Elispot assay for measuring alloreactive memory/effector T cell responses in renal transplant recipients, Am. J. Transplant, vol.13, pp.1880-1890, 2013.

J. R. Leventhal, J. M. Mathew, D. R. Salomon, S. M. Kurian, M. Suthanthiran et al., Genomic biomarkers correlate with HLA-identical renal transplant tolerance, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol, vol.24, pp.1376-1385, 2013.
DOI : 10.1681/asn.2013010068
URL : https://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/24/9/1376.full.pdf

T. Kawai, D. H. Sachs, B. Sprangers, T. R. Spitzer, S. L. Saidman et al., Long-term results in recipients of combined HLA-mismatched kidney and bone marrow transplantation without maintenance immunosuppression, Am. J. Transplant, vol.14, pp.1599-1611, 2014.

J. D. Scandling, S. Busque, J. A. Shizuru, R. Lowsky, R. Hoppe et al., Chimerism, graft survival, and withdrawal of immunosuppressive drugs in HLA matched and mismatched patients after living donor kidney and hematopoietic cell transplantation, Am. J. Transplant, vol.15, pp.695-704, 2015.

S. Todo, K. Yamashita, R. Goto, M. Zaitsu, A. Nagatsu et al., A pilot study of operational tolerance with a regulatory T cell-based cell therapy in living donor liver transplantation, Hepatology, vol.64, pp.632-643, 2016.

G. Orlando, P. Hematti, R. J. Stratta, G. W. Burke, D. Cocco et al., Clinical operational tolerance after renal transplantation: current status and future challenges, Ann. Surg, vol.252, pp.915-928, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/sla.0b013e3181f3efb0
URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4547843?pdf=render

S. Brouard, A. Pallier, K. Renaudin, Y. Foucher, R. Danger et al., The natural history of clinical operational tolerance after kidney transplantation through twenty-seven cases, Am. J. Transplant. 2012, vol.12, pp.3296-3307

A. Massart, A. Pallier, J. Pascual, O. Viklicky, K. Budde et al., The DESCARTES-Nantes survey of kidney transplant recipients displaying clinical operational tolerance identifies 35 new tolerant patients and 34 almost tolerant patients, Nephrol. Dial. Transplant, vol.31, pp.1002-1013, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-02153251

G. Roussey-kesler, M. Giral, A. Moreau, J. F. Subra, C. Legendre et al., Clinical operational tolerance after kidney transplantation, Am. J. Transplant, vol.6, pp.736-746, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01280.x
URL : https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01280.x

C. Ballet, G. Roussey-kesler, J. T. Aubin, S. Brouard, M. Giral et al., Humoral and cellular responses to influenza vaccination in human recipients naturally tolerant to a kidney allograft, Am. J. Transplant, vol.6, pp.2796-2801, 2006.

D. E. Hricik, R. N. Formica, P. Nickerson, D. Rush, R. L. Fairchild et al., Adverse outcomes of tacrolimus withdrawal in immune-quiescent kidney transplant recipients, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol, vol.26, pp.3114-3122, 2015.

D. Abramowicz, M. Del-carmen-rial, S. Vitko, D. Del-castillo, D. Manas et al., Cyclosporine withdrawal from a mycophenolate mofetil-containing immunosuppressive regimen: results of a fiveyear, prospective, randomized study, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol, vol.16, pp.2234-2240, 2005.

E. Dugast, J. P. Soulillou, Y. Foucher, E. Papuchon, P. Guerif et al., Failure of calcineurin inhibitor (Tacrolimus) weaning randomized trial in long-term stable kidney transplant recipients, Am. J. Transplant, vol.16, pp.3255-3261, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-02150143

C. Benitez, M. C. Londono, R. Miquel, T. M. Manzia, J. G. Abraldes et al., Prospective multicenter clinical trial of immunosuppressive drug withdrawal in stable adult liver transplant recipients, Hepatology, vol.58, pp.1824-1835, 2013.

M. Chesneau, L. Michel, E. Dugast, A. Chenouard, D. Baron et al., Tolerant kidney transplant patients produce B cells with regulatory properties, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol, vol.26, pp.2588-2598, 2015.
DOI : 10.1681/asn.2014040404
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-02148982

R. Danger, A. Pallier, M. Giral, M. Martinez-llordella, J. J. Lozano et al., Upregulation of miR-142-3p in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of operationally tolerant patients with a renal transplant, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol, vol.23, pp.597-606, 2012.

A. Pallier, S. Hillion, R. Danger, M. Giral, M. Racape et al., Patients with drug-free long-term graft function display increased numbers of peripheral B cells with a memory and inhibitory phenotype, Kidney Int, vol.78, pp.503-513, 2010.

, Eur. J. Immunol, vol.46, pp.2695-2704, 2016.

D. Baron, G. Ramstein, M. Chesneau, Y. Echasseriau, A. Pallier et al., A common gene signature across multiple studies relate biomarkers and functional regulation in tolerance to renal allograft, Kidney Int, vol.87, pp.984-995, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01119557

H. M. Silva, M. C. Takenaka, P. M. Moraes-vieira, S. M. Monteiro, M. O. Hernandez et al., Preserving the B-cell compartment favors operational tolerance in human renal transplantation, Mol. Med, vol.18, pp.733-743, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01959589

F. Moreso, I. B. Torres, M. Martinez-gallo, S. Benlloch, C. Cantarell et al., Gene expression signature of tolerance and lymphocyte subsets in stable renal transplants: results of a crosssectional study, Transpl. Immunol, vol.31, pp.11-16, 2014.

S. Heidt, M. Vergunst, J. D. Anholts, M. E. Reinders, J. W. De-fijter et al., B cell markers of operational tolerance can discriminate acute kidney allograft rejection from stable graft function, Transplantation, 2014.

O. Viklicky, E. Krystufkova, I. Brabcova, A. Sekerkova, P. Wohlfahrt et al., B-cell-related biomarkers of tolerance are up-regulated in rejection-free kidney transplant recipients, Transplantation, vol.95, pp.148-154, 2013.

S. Brouard, A. Le-bars, A. Dufay, M. Gosselin, Y. Foucher et al., Identification of a gene expression profile associated with operational tolerance among a selected group of stable kidney transplant patients, Transpl. Int, vol.24, pp.536-547, 2011.

I. Rebollo-mesa, E. Nova-lamperti, P. Mobillo, M. Runglall, S. Christakoudi et al., Biomarkers of tolerance in kidney transplantation-are we predicting tolerance or response to immunosuppressive treatment?, Am. J. Transplant, 2016.

R. H. Christenson and S. H. Duh, Methodological and analytic considerations for blood biomarkers, Prog. Cardiovasc Dis, vol.55, pp.25-33, 2012.

S. Schlickeiser, D. Boes, M. Streitz, and B. Sawitzki, The use of novel diagnostics to individualize immunosuppression following transplantation, Transpl Int, vol.28, pp.911-920, 2015.

S. Schlickeiser, M. Streitz, and B. Sawitzki, Standardized multi-color flow cytometry and computational biomarker discovery, Methods Mol

, Biol, vol.1371, pp.225-238, 2016.

M. Streitz, T. Miloud, M. Kapinsky, M. R. Reed, R. Magari et al., Standardization of whole blood immune phenotype monitoring for clinical trials: panels and methods from the ONE study, Transplant Res, issue.2, p.17, 2013.

A. S. Japp, K. Hoffmann, S. Schlickeiser, R. Glauben, C. Nikolaou et al., Wild immunology assessed by multidimensional mass cytometry, Cytometry A

A. H. Kverneland, M. Streitz, E. Geissler, J. Hutchinson, K. Vogt et al., Age and gender leucocytes variances and references values generated using the standardized ONE-Study protocol

, Cytometry A, vol.89, pp.543-564, 2016.