E. I. Azzam, S. M. De-toledo, and J. B. Little, Stress signaling from irradiated to non-irradiated cells, Curr Cancer Drug Targets, vol.4, pp.53-64, 2004.

B. Benoit, S. Thenet-gauci, F. Hoffschir, P. Penfornis, S. Demignot et al., SV40 large T antigen immortalization of human articular chondrocytes, In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim, vol.31, pp.174-177, 1995.

B. J. Blyth and P. J. Sykes, Radiation-induced bystander effects: what are they, and how relevant are they to human radiation exposures?, Radiat Res, vol.176, pp.139-157, 2011.

G. Boissonnat, J. M. Fontbonne, E. Balanzat, F. Boumard, B. Carniol et al., Characterization and performances of DOSION, a dosimetry equipment dedicated to radiobiology experiments taking place at GANIL. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in, Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol.856, pp.1-6, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-01347982

M. Buonanno, S. M. De-toledo, D. Pain, and E. I. Azzam, Long-term consequences of radiation-induced bystander effects depend on radiation quality and dose and correlate with oxidative stress, Radiat Res, vol.175, pp.405-415, 2011.

F. Chevalier, D. H. Hamdi, Y. Saintigny, and J. Lefaix, Proteomic overview and perspectives of the radiation-induced bystander effects, Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, vol.763, pp.280-293, 2014.

P. I. Countryman and J. A. Heddle, The production of micronuclei from chromosome aberrations in irradiated cultures of human lymphocytes, Mutat Res, vol.41, pp.321-332, 1976.

X. Dai, W. Ma, X. He, and R. K. Jha, Review of therapeutic strategies for osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing's sarcoma, Med Sci Monit, vol.17, pp.177-190, 2011.

K. De-amorim-bernstein and T. Delaney, Chordomas and chondrosarcomas-the role of radiation therapy, J Surg Oncol, vol.114, pp.564-569, 2016.

M. Durante and J. Debus, Heavy charged particles: does improved precision and higher biological effectiveness translate to better outcome in patients?, Semin Radiat Oncol, vol.28, pp.160-167, 2018.

F. Durantel, E. Balanzat, A. Cassimi, F. Chevalier, Y. Ngono-ravache et al., Dosimetry for radiobiology experiments at GANIL. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in, Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol.816, pp.70-77, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01298656

H. L. Evans, A. G. Ayala, and M. M. Romsdahl, Prognostic factors in chondrosarcoma of bone: a clinicopathologic analysis with emphasis on histologic grading, Cancer, vol.40, pp.818-831, 1977.

L. Feuvret, S. Bracci, V. Calugaru, S. Bolle, H. Mammar et al., Efficacy and safety of adjuvant proton therapy combined with surgery for chondrosarcoma of the Skull Base: a retrospective, population-based study, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, vol.95, pp.312-321, 2016.

F. Finger, C. Schörle, A. Zien, P. Gebhard, M. B. Goldring et al., Molecular phenotyping of human chondrocyte cell lines T/C-28a2, T/C-28a4, and C-28/I2, Arthritis Rheum, vol.48, pp.3395-3403, 2003.

M. He, C. Dong, T. Konishi, W. Tu, W. Liu et al., Differential effects of p53 on bystander phenotypes induced by gamma ray and high LET heavy ion radiation, Life Sciences in Space Research, vol.1, pp.53-59, 2014.

T. K. Hei, H. Zhou, V. N. Ivanov, M. Hong, H. B. Lieberman et al., Mechanism of radiation-induced bystander effects: a unifying model, J Pharm Pharmacol, vol.60, pp.943-950, 2008.

T. K. Hei, H. Zhou, and Y. Chai, Radiation induced non-targeted response: mechanism and potential clinical implications, Curr Mol Pharmacol, vol.4, pp.96-105, 2011.

T. Horiuchi, H. Mitoma, S. Harashima, H. Tsukamoto, and T. Shimoda, Transmembrane TNF-alpha: structure, function and interaction with anti-TNF agents, Rheumatology (Oxford), vol.49, pp.1215-1228, 2010.

E. B. Hug, L. N. Loredo, J. D. Slater, A. Devries, R. I. Grove et al., Proton radiation therapy for chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base, J Neurosurg, vol.91, pp.432-439, 1999.

V. N. Ivanov, H. Zhou, S. A. Ghandhi, T. B. Karasic, B. Yaghoubian et al., Radiation-induced bystander signaling pathways in human fibroblasts: a role for interleukin-33 in the signal transmission, Cell Signal, vol.22, pp.1076-1087, 2010.

K. Jelonek, P. Widlak, and M. Pietrowska, The influence of ionizing radiation on exosome composition, secretion and intercellular communication, Protein Pept Lett, vol.23, pp.656-663, 2016.

G. Jiang, Particle therapy for cancers: a new weapon in radiation therapy, Front Med, vol.6, pp.165-172, 2012.

T. Kamada, H. Tsujii, E. A. Blakely, J. Debus, W. De-neve et al., Carbon ion radiotherapy in Japan: an assessment of 20 years of clinical experience, The Lancet Oncology, vol.16, pp.70412-70419, 2015.

G. Kenis, C. Teunissen, D. Jongh, and R. , Stability of interleukin 6, soluble interleukin 6 receptor, interleukin 10 and CC16 in human serum, Cytokine, vol.19, pp.228-235, 2002.

H. Klammer, E. Mladenov, F. Li, and G. Iliakis, Bystander effects as manifestation of intercellular communication of DNA damage and of the cellular oxidative status, Cancer Lett, vol.356, pp.58-71, 2015.

R. Kokenyesi, L. Tan, J. R. Robbins, and M. B. Goldring, Proteoglycan production by immortalized human chondrocyte cell lines cultured under conditions that promote expression of the differentiated phenotype, Arch Biochem Biophys, vol.383, pp.79-90, 2000.

R. Lago, R. Gomez, M. Otero, F. Lago, R. Gallego et al., A new player in cartilage homeostasis: adiponectin induces nitric oxide synthase type II and proinflammatory cytokines in chondrocytes, Osteoarthr Cartil, vol.16, pp.1101-1109, 2008.

S. A. Lorimore, S. Rastogi, D. Mukherjee, P. J. Coates, and E. G. Wright, The influence of p53 functions on radiation-induced inflammatory bystander-type signaling in murine bone marrow, Radiat Res, vol.179, pp.406-415, 2013.

A. Marín, M. Martín, O. Liñán, F. Alvarenga, M. López et al., Bystander effects and radiotherapy, Rep Pract Oncol Radiother, vol.20, pp.12-21, 2015.

B. Mery, S. Espenel, J. Guy, C. Rancoule, A. Vallard et al., Biological aspects of chondrosarcoma: leaps and hurdles, Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, vol.126, pp.32-36, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01867855

F. Moussavi-harami, A. Mollano, J. A. Martin, A. Ayoob, F. E. Domann et al., Intrinsic radiation resistance in human chondrosarcoma cells, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, vol.346, pp.379-385, 2006.

D. B. Nguyen, T. Ly, and I. Bernhardt, Microvesicles released from human red blood cells: properties and potential applications. Novel Implications of Exosomes in Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, 2017.

R. Nieminen, S. Leinonen, A. Lahti, K. Vuolteenaho, U. Jalonen et al., Inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases downregulate COX-2 expression in human chondrocytes, Mediat Inflamm, pp.249-255, 2005.

M. Otero, M. Favero, and C. Dragomir, Human chondrocyte cultures as models of cartilage-specific gene regulation, Methods Mol Biol, vol.806, pp.301-336, 2012.

F. Rodier, J. Coppé, C. K. Patil, W. Hoeijmakers, D. P. Muñoz et al., Persistent DNA damage signaling triggers senescence-associated inflammatory cytokine secretion, Nat Cell Biol, vol.11, pp.973-979, 2009.

H. P. Rutz, P. A. Coucke, and R. O. Mirimanoff, A linear-quadratic model of cell survival considering both sublethal and potentially lethal radiation damage, Radiother Oncol, vol.21, pp.273-276, 1991.

L. A. Ryan, R. W. Smith, C. B. Seymour, and C. E. Mothersill, Dilution of irradiated cell conditioned medium and the bystander effect, Radiat Res, vol.169, pp.188-196, 2008.

J. Rzeszowska-wolny, W. M. Przybyszewski, and M. Widel, Ionizing radiation-induced bystander effects, potential targets for modulation of radiotherapy, Eur J Pharmacol, vol.625, pp.156-164, 2009.

D. Schulz-ertner, A. Nikoghosyan, H. Hof, B. Didinger, S. E. Combs et al., Carbon ion radiotherapy of skull base chondrosarcomas, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, vol.67, pp.171-177, 2007.

W. Somers, M. Stahl, and J. S. Seehra, .9 Å crystal structure of interleukin 6: implications for a novel mode of receptor dimerization and signaling, EMBO J, vol.1, pp.989-997, 1997.

M. Suzuki, Y. Kase, H. Yamaguchi, T. Kanai, and K. Ando, Relative biological effectiveness for cell-killing effect on various human cell lines irradiated with heavy-ion medical accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) carbon-ion beams, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, vol.48, pp.241-250, 2000.

M. Tomita, M. Maeda, K. Kobayashi, and H. Matsumoto, Dose response of soft X-ray-induced bystander cell killing affected by p53 status, Radiat Res, vol.179, pp.200-207, 2013.

M. Uhl, M. Mattke, T. Welzel, J. Oelmann, G. Habl et al., High control rate in patients with chondrosarcoma of the skull base after carbon ion therapy: first report of long-term results, Cancer, vol.120, pp.1579-1585, 2014.

M. Wakatsuki, N. Magpayo, H. Kawamura, and K. D. Held, Differential bystander signaling between radioresistant chondrosarcoma cells and fibroblasts after x-ray, proton, iron ion and carbon ion exposures, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, vol.84, pp.103-108, 2012.

S. Walenta and W. Mueller-klieser, Differential superiority of heavy charged-particle irradiation to X-rays: studies on biological effectiveness and side effect mechanisms in multicellular tumor and Normal tissue models, Front Oncol, vol.6, p.30, 2016.

P. Wang, F. Zhu, and K. Konstantopoulos, Interleukin-6 synthesis in human chondrocytes is regulated via the antagonistic actions of prostaglandin (PG)E2 and 15-deoxy-?(12,14)-PGJ2, PLoS One, vol.6, 2011.

M. Wide?, W. Przybyszewski, and J. Rzeszowska-wolny, Radiationinduced bystander effect: the important part of ionizing radiation response. Potential clinical implications, Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online), vol.63, pp.377-388, 2009.

M. Widel, A. Lalik, A. Krzywon, J. Poleszczuk, K. Fujarewicz et al., The different radiation response and radiation-induced bystander effects in colorectal carcinoma cells differing in p53 status, Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, vol.778, pp.61-70, 2015.

H. Zhou, V. N. Ivanov, J. Gillespie, C. R. Geard, S. A. Amundson et al., Mechanism of radiationinduced bystander effect: role of the cyclooxygenase-2 signaling pathway, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.102, pp.14641-14646, 2005.

, Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations