. Ingelido-am, D. E. Ballard-t, D. I. Domenico-a, and . Ferri-f, Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in milk from Italian women living in Rome and Venice, Chemosphere, vol.67, pp.301-306, 2007.

. Jaraczewska-k, J. Lulek, . Covaci-a, and K. Voorspoels-s, Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human umbilical cord serum, maternal serum and milk from Wielkopolska region, Poland. Sci Total Environ, vol.372, pp.20-31, 2006.

K. Oi, M. Fl, T. Go, A. Re, and . Tang-hr, Different levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chlorinated compounds in breast milk from two U.K. Regions. Environ Health Perspect, vol.112, pp.1085-1091, 2004.

O. Kiviranta-h, . Ml, and . Vartiainen-t, Market basket study on dietary intake of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PBDEs in Finland, Environ Int, vol.30, pp.923-932, 2004.

. Lind-y, A. Aune-m, . Becker-w, and . Bjerselius-r, Food intake of the brominated flame retardants, PBDEs and HCBD in Sweden Organohalogens, Compd, vol.58, pp.181-184, 2002.

L. Sj, M. Bp, W. Olson-jr, A. Td, and . Ds, Human liver µsome-mediated metabolism of brominated diphenyl ethers 47, 99, and 153 and identification of their major metabolites, Chem Res Toxicol, vol.22, pp.1802-1809, 2009.

. Morck-a, H. Hakk, . Orn-u, and . Klasson-wehler-e, Decabromodiphenyl ether in the rat : absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, Drug Metab Dispos, vol.31, pp.900-907, 2003.

. Riu-a, Devenir des retardateurs de flammes bromés chez le rat et l'homme : caractéri-sation des métabolites et évaluation de l'exposition foetale, 2006.

C. Riu-a, D. L. Jp, G. A. Canlet, and C. , Disposition and metabolic profiling of [14C]-decabromodiphenyl ether in pregnant Wistar rats. Environ Int, vol.34, pp.318-329, 2008.

D. Roosens-l, R. H. Bervoets-l, and . Van-campenhout-k, Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated chemicals, two groups of persistent contaminants in Belgian human blood and milk, Environ Pollut, vol.158, pp.2546-2452, 2010.

R. Jj and . Patry-b, Body burdens and food exposure in Canada for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), Organohalogens Compd, vol.51, pp.226-229, 2001.

C. Sanders-jm, L. Lj, B. Eh, and . Lt, Metabolism and disposition of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether following administration of single or multiple doses to rats and mice, Xenobiotica, vol.36, pp.103-117, 2006.

E. Sandholm-a, W. Bm, and . Ek, Bioavailability and half-life of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in rat, Xenobiotica, vol.33, pp.1149-1158, 2003.

. Schauer-um, . Völkel-w, and . Dekant-w, Toxicokinetics of tetrabromobisphenol a in humans and rats after oral administration, Toxicol Sci, vol.91, pp.49-58, 2006.

K. Stapleton-hm, P. R. Sm, L. Rj, and . Gunsch-c, Metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by human hepatocytes in vitro, Environ Health Perspect, vol.117, pp.197-202, 2009.

. Reproduction, D. Df, . Jj, B. Devito-mj, and . Ls, Toxicokinetics of BDE 47 in female mice : effect of dose, route of exposure, and time, Toxicol Sci, vol.83, pp.215-223, 2005.

. Staskal-df, J. J. Diliberto, and B. Ls, Disposition of BDE 47 in developing mice, Toxicol Sci, vol.90, pp.309-316, 2006.

. Staskal-df, H. Hakk, D. Bauer-d, B. Jj, and . Ls, Toxicokinetics of polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners 47, 99, 100, and 153 in mice, Toxicol Sci, vol.94, pp.28-37, 2006.

D. Szabo-dt, . Jj, H. Hakk, H. Jk, and B. Ls, Toxicokinetics of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane gamma : effect of dose, timing, route, repeated exposure, and metabolism, Toxicol Sci, vol.117, pp.282-293, 2010.

J. A. Szymanska, . Sapota-a, and . Frydrych-b, The disposition and metabolism of tetrabromobisphenol-A after a single i.p. dose in the rat, Chemosphere, vol.45, pp.693-700, 2001.

. Thomsen-c, H. Stigum, M. Frøshaug, . Broadwell-sl, . Becher-g et al., Determinants of brominated flame retardants in breast milk from a large scale Norwegian study, Environ Int, vol.36, pp.68-74, 2010.

. Thuresson-k, . Hoglund-p, . Hagmar-l, . Sjodin-a, . Bergman-a et al., Apparent half-lives of hepta-to decabrominated diphenyl ethers in human serum as determined in occupationally exposed workers, Environ Health Perspect, vol.114, pp.176-181, 2006.

. Us-epa/iris, Toxicological review of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) (CAS No. 5436-43-1), Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System, 2008.

. Us-epa/iris, Toxicological review of 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) (CAS No. 60348-60-9, Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System, 2008.

. Us-epa/iris, Toxicological review of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153) (CAS No.68631-49-2), Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System, 2008.

. Us-epa/iris, Toxicological review of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) (CAS No. 1163-19-5), Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), 2008.

. Zalko-d, P. Prouillac-c, . Dolo-l, . Jouanin-i, C. Debrauwer-l et al., , 2010.

. Larsson-a, L. A. Eriksson, A. Pl, O. Ivarson-p, and . Pe, Identification of the brominated flame retardant 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane as an androgen agonist, J Med Chem, vol.49, pp.7366-7372, 2006.

P. E. Liu-h, W. Jd, and . Gramatica-p, In silico screening of estrogen-like chemicals based on different nonlinear classification models, J Mol Grap Mod, vol.26, pp.135-144, 2007.

L. Meerts-i, H. S. Rj, and M. G. Bergman-a, In vitro estrogenicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated PBDEs, and polybrominated bisphenol A compounds, Environ Health Perspect, vol.109, pp.399-407, 2001.

B. Mercado-feliciano-m and . Rm, Hydroxylated metabolites of the polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture DE-71 are weak estrogen receptor-alpha ligands, Environ Health Perspect, vol.116, pp.1315-1321, 2008.

P. Ek, C. Cheng-x, C. Ml, G. Klaassen-cd, and . Gl, The flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, are pregnane X receptor activators, Toxicol Sci, vol.97, pp.94-102, 2007.

. Papa-e, . Kovarich-s, and . Gramatica-p, QSAR modeling and prediction of the endocrinedisrupting potencies of brominated flame retardants, Chem Res Toxicol, vol.23, pp.946-954, 2010.

. Raldúa-d, . Padrós-f, E. E. Solé-m, R. Barceló-d, . Mc et al., First evidence of polybrominated diphenyl ether (flame retardants) effects in feral barbel from the Ebro River basin, Chemosphere, vol.73, pp.56-64, 2008.

F. Ronisz-d, . Ef, H. Karlsson, and . Förlin-l, Effects of the brominated flame retardants hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), on hepatic enzymes and other biomarkers in juvenile rainbow trout and feral eelpout

, Aquat Toxicol, vol.69, pp.229-245, 2004.

. Stoker, C. Te, L. Rl, W. Cs, . Vs et al., In vivo and in vitro anti-androgenic effects of DE-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, vol.207, pp.78-88, 2005.

. Wahl-m, . Lahni-b, K. B. Guenther-r, and . Yang-l, A technical mixture of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromo diphenyl ether (BDE47) and brominated furans triggers aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediated gene expression and toxicity, Chemosphere, vol.73, pp.209-215, 2008.

. Wang-y, H. Liu, C. Zhao, H. Liu, and . Cai-z, Quantitative structure-activity relationship models for prediction of the toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners, Environ Science Technol, vol.39, pp.4961-4966, 2005.

. Wang-y, C. Zhao, M. W. Liu, H. , and W. T. Jiang-g, Quantitative structure-activity relationship for prediction of the toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, Chemosphere, vol.64, pp.515-524, 2006.

. Wu-b, Y. Zhang, J. Kong, X. Zhang, and . Cheng-s, In silico predication of nuclear hormone receptors for organic pollutants by homology modeling and molecular docking, Toxicology Letters, vol.191, pp.69-73, 2009.

H. Y. Xu, Z. Jiw, Y. U. Qs, W. Yh, Z. Jy et al., QSPR/QSAR models for prediction of the physicochemical properties and biological activity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Chemosphere, vol.66, 1998.

. Llorca, , 2010.

. Liu, Chine 24 pools, 2010.

. Chez-le-rat and . De, Chez le singe cynomolgus, elle est de 20-40 jours et chez l'homme d'environ 4-5 ans, h pour les femelles et à 4,4-9 jours pour les mâles, vol.1, pp.9-24, 2008.

, ) a montré, chez la rate Sprague-Dawley (n=9) exposée oralement au N-éthylperfluorooctanesulfonamidoéthanol (N-EthFOSE) durant 21 jours (5 mg/kg), que ce composé était essentiellement métabolisé en PFOS, Les données sur les autres PFC sont rares. L'étude de, 2009.

. Nabb-dl, H. Szostek-b, M. Mw, G. Mp, and . Ml, In vitro metabolism of 8-2 fluorotelomer alcohol: interspecies comparisons and metabolic pathway refinement, Toxicol Sci, vol.100, pp.333-344, 2007.

. Nakata-a, . Katsumata-t, Y. Iwasaki, . Ito-r, and . Saito-k, Measurement of perfluorinated compounds in human milk and house dust, Organohalogen Compounds, vol.69, pp.2844-2846, 2007.

N. Pe and . Gorman-gs, A pharmacokinetic study of potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate in the cynomolgus monkey, 2003.

. Olsen-gw, E. Burris-jm, F. Dj, . Jw, and . Seacat-am, Half-life of serum elimination of perfluorooctanesulfonate, perfluorohexanesulfonate, and perfluorooctanoate in retired fluorochemical production workers, Environ Health Perspect, vol.115, pp.1298-1305, 2007.

M. Olsen-gw, . Dc, E. Church-tr, R. Me, and . Wk, Decline in perfluorooctanesulfonate and other polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in American Red Cross adult blood donors, Environ Sci Technol, vol.42, pp.4989-4995, 2000.

B. Olsen-gw, Z. Jl, and . Lr, Perfluoroalkyl chemicals and human fetal development : an epidemiologic review with clinical and toxicological perspectives, Reprod Toxicol, vol.27, pp.212-230, 2009.

. Pistocchi-a and . Loos-r, A Map of European Emissions and Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA, Environ Sci Technol, vol.43, pp.9237-9244, 2009.

. Riddell-n, B. Arsenault-g, C. B. Jp, and M. Jw, Branched perfluorooctane sulfonate isomer quantification and characterization in blood serum samples by HPLC/ESI-MS(/MS), Environ Sci Technol, vol.43, pp.7902-7908, 2009.

D. Roosens-l, R. H. Bervoets-l, and . Van-campenhout-k, Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated chemicals, two groups of persistent contaminants in Belgian human blood and milk, Environ Pollut, vol.158, pp.2546-2552, 2010.

T. Seacat-am, H. Pj, O. Kj, C. Gw, B. Mt et al., Subchronic toxicity studies on perfluorooctanesulfonate potassium salt in cynomolgus monkeys, Toxicol Sci, vol.68, pp.249-264, 2002.

T. Seacat-am, . Pj, C. Hansen-kj, E. La, and . Sr, Sub-chronic dietary toxicity of potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate in rats, Toxicology, vol.183, pp.263-264, 2003.

. So, . Mk, . Yamashita-n, . Taniyasu-s, G. Jiang-q et al., Health risks in infants associated with exposure to perfluorinated compounds in human breast milk from Zhoushan, China. Environ Sci Technol, vol.40, pp.2924-2929, 2006.

J. C. Steenland-k, J. Macneil, . Lally-c, and . Ducatman-a, Predictors of PFOA levels in a community surrounding a chemical plant, Environ Health Perspect, vol.117, pp.1083-1088, 2009.

M. J. Tao-l, L. Kunisue-t, . El, . Tanabe-s, and . Kannan-k, Perfluorinated compounds in human breast milk from several Asian countries, and in infant formula and dairy milk from the United States, Environ Sci Technol, vol.42, pp.8597-8602, 2008.

C. Tan-ym, A. Hj-3rd, and . Me, Time dependencies in perfluorooctylacids disposition in rat and monkeys: a kinetic analysis, Toxicol Lett, vol.177, pp.38-47, 2008.

H. Thibodeaux-jr, R. Rg, G. Jm, B. Be, R. Bd et al., Exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate during pregnancy in rat and mouse. I : maternal and prenatal evaluations, Toxicol Sci, vol.74, p.359, 2003.

C. Toms-lm, . Am, . Kato-k, J. Thompson, and . Harden-f, Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in pooled blood serum from infants, children, and adults in Australia, Environ Sci Technol, vol.43, pp.4194-4199, 2009.

. Trudel-d, . Horowitz-l, . Wormuth-m, M. Scheringer, C. It et al., Estimating consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA, Risk Anal, vol.28, pp.251-269, 2008.

K. Vanden-heuvel-jp, . Bi, . Van-rafelghem, P. Mj, and . Re, Disposition of perfluorodecanoic acid in male and female rats, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, vol.107, pp.450-459, 1991.

G. Völkel-w, D. Gebauer-c, and . Koletzko-b, Perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in human breast milk : results of a pilot study, Int J Hyg Environ Health, vol.211, pp.40-46, 2008.

. Xie-w, K. Wu-q, T. Jc, and . Telu-s, Subacute exposure to N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoethanol results in the formation of perfluorooctanesulfonate and alters superoxide dismutase activity in female rats, Arch Toxicol, vol.83, pp.909-924, 2009.

. Ln,

. Ln,

. Ln,

. Ln,

-. , M. J. Damásio, J. Faria-m, C. Barata, and . Lacorte-s, heure de prélèvement ; b Les variations sont données pour une augmentation de 1 µg/l de la concentration du composé perfluoré considéré ; c Ln : logarithme népérien FERNÁNDEZ, a Les taux d'hormones sont ajustés par rapport à l, vol.398, pp.1447-1456, 2010.

. Han-j and . Fang-z, Estrogenic effects, reproductive impairment and developmental toxicity in ovoviparous swordtail fish (Xiphophorus helleri) exposed to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), Aquat Toxicol, vol.99, pp.281-290, 2010.

. Hart-k, . Kannan-k, . Tao-l, . Takahashi-s, and . Tanabe-s, Skipjack tuna as a bioindicator of contamination by perfluorinated compounds in the oceans, Science of the Total Environment, vol.403, pp.215-221, 2008.

. Hoff-pt, . Van-de-vijver-k, E. Van-dongen-w, . El, . Blust-r et al.,

, Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid in bib (Trisopterus luscus) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) from the Western Scheldt and the Belgian North Sea: distribution and biochemical effects, Environ Toxicol Chem, vol.22, pp.608-614, 2003.

. Hoff-pt, E. Van-dongen-w, . El, . Blust-r, and . De-coen-wm, Evaluation of the toxicological effects of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), Aquat Toxicol, vol.62, pp.349-359, 2003.

. Hoff-pt, V. Van-campenhout-k, C. De-vijver-k, and . Bervoets-l, Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and organohalogen pollutants in liver of three freshwater fish species in Flanders (Belgium) : relationships with biochemical and organismal effects, Environ Pollut, vol.137, pp.324-333, 2005.

. Huang-h, C. Huang, W. L. , Y. Bai, and C. , Toxicity, uptake kinetics and behavior assessment in zebrafish embryos following exposure to perfluorooctanesulphonicacid (PFOS), Aquat Toxicol, vol.98, pp.139-147, 2010.

. Ishibashi-h, M. M. Yamauchi-r, K. Jw, and . Hirano-m, Fluorotelomer alcohols induce hepatic vitellogenin through activation of the estrogen receptor in male medaka (Oryzias latipes), Chemosphere, vol.71, pp.1853-1859, 2008.

J. K. , K. Y. Oh-s, A. B. , and J. H. Choi-k, Toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid on freshwater macroinvertebrates (Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa) and fish (Oryzias latipes), Environ Toxicol Chem, vol.27, pp.2159-2168, 2008.

. Kannan-k, . Corsolini-s, J. Falandysz, . Oehme-g, G. Focardi-s et al., Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorinated hydrocarbons in marine mammals, fishes, and birds from coasts of the Baltic and the Mediterranean Seas, Environmental Science and Technology, vol.36, pp.3210-3216, 2002.

K. Wk, L. Sk, and J. J. , Integrated assessment of biomarker responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to perfluorinated organic compounds, J Hazard Mater, vol.180, pp.395-400, 2010.

Y. K. Liu-c, W. J. Shi-x, L. Pk, W. U. Rs, and . Zhou-b, Induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis by PFOS and PFOA in primary cultured hepatocytes of freshwater tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Aquat Toxicol, vol.82, pp.135-143, 2007.

. Liu-c, Y. Du, and . Zhou-b, Evaluation of estrogenic activities and mechanism of action of perfluorinated chemicals determined by vitellogenin induction in primary cultured tilapia hepatocytes, Aquat Toxicol, vol.85, pp.267-277, 2007.

W. J. Liu-y, W. Y. Zhang, H. Liu, and Y. Dai-j, Molecular characterization of cytochrome P450 1A and 3A and the effects of perfluorooctanoic acid on their mRNA levels in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) gills, Aquat Toxicol, vol.88, pp.183-190, 2008.

Y. L. Liu-c, J. Deng, L. Pk, W. U. Rs, and . Zhou-b, Waterborne exposure to fluorotelomer alcohol 6:2 FTOH alters plasma sex hormone and gene transcription in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis of zebrafish, Aquat Toxicol, vol.93, pp.131-137, 2009.

W. J. Liu-y, Y. Liu, H. Zhang, M. Xu, and . Dai-j, Expression of a novel cytochrome P450 4T gene in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) following perfluorooctanoic acid exposure

, Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol, vol.150, pp.57-64, 2009.

G. Loos-r, . Bm, R. E. Locoro-g, . Contini-s, and . Bidoglio-g, EU-wide survey of polar organic persistent pollutants in European river waters, Environ Pollut, vol.157, pp.561-568, 2009.

S. Oakes-kd, M. Pk, M. Jw, . Dd, and . Solomon-kr, Short-term exposures of fish to perfluorooctane sulfonate: acute effects on fatty acyl-coa oxidase activity, oxidative stress, and circulating sex steroids, Environ Toxicol Chem, vol.24, pp.1172-1181, 2005.

W. Q. Peng-h, W. Y. , G. Jp, and L. L. Hu-j, Tissue distribution and maternal transfer of poly-and perfluorinated compounds in Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis): implications for reproductive risk, Environ Sci Technol, vol.44, pp.1868-1874, 2010.

. Shi-x and . Zhou-b, The role of Nrf2 and MAPK pathways in PFOS-induced oxidative stress in zebrafish embryos, Toxicol Sci, vol.115, pp.391-400, 2010.

. Shi-x, Y. Du, L. Pks, W. U. Rss, and . Zhou-b, Developmental toxicity and alteration of gene expression in zebrafish embryos exposed to PFOS, Tox Applied Pharmacol, vol.230, pp.23-32, 2008.

Y. Shi-x, L. Lw, W. U. Pk, . Rs, and . Zhou-b, Protein profiles in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exposed to perfluorooctane sulfonate, Toxicol Sci, vol.110, pp.334-340, 2009.

M. Sinclair-e, R. Dt, . Yamashita-n, and . Kannan-k, Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl surfactants in water, fish, and birds from New York State, Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, vol.50, pp.398-410, 2006.

P. Suja-f, Z. Bk, and . Sm, Contamination, bioaccumulation and toxic effects of perfluorinated chemicals (PFC) in the water environment: a review paper, Water Sci Technol, vol.60, pp.1533-1544, 2009.

O. Tilton-sc, B. Ga, C. Ad, . Hm, and J. D. Hendricks, Genomic profiling reveals an alternate mechanism for hepatic tumor promotion by perfluorooctanoic acid in rainbow trout, Environ Health Perspect, vol.116, pp.1047-1055, 2008.

. Vatland-krøvel-a, . Søfteland-l, O. Torstensen-b, and . Pa, Transcriptional effects of PFOS in isolated hepatocytes from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L, Comp Biochem Physiol C, vol.148, pp.14-22, 2008.

. Wei-y, J. Dai, W. J. Liu-m, and . Xu-m, Estrogen-like properties of perfluorooctanoic acid as revealed by expressing hepatic estrogen-responsive genes in rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus), Environ Toxicol Chem, vol.26, pp.2440-2447, 2007.

G. Bibliographie-bhatarai-b, Per-and polyfluoro toxicity (LC50 inhalation) study in rat and mouse using QSAR modeling, Chem Res Toxicol, vol.23, pp.528-539, 2010.

J. A. Bjork and W. Kb, Structure-activity relationships and human relevance for perfluoroalkyl acid-induced transcriptional activation of peroxisome proliferation in liver cell cultures, Toxicol Sci, vol.111, pp.89-99, 2009.

. Cheng-x and . Klaassen-cd, Perfluorocarboxylic acids induce cytochrome P450 enzymes in mouse liver through activation of PPAR-alpha and CAR transcription factors, Toxicol Sci, vol.106, pp.29-36, 2008.

W. Y. Fang-x, Y. Liu, and W. J. Dai-j, The identification of apolipoprotein genes in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) and their expression following perfluorooctanoic acid exposure, Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol, vol.151, pp.152-159, 2010.

. Foreman, C. Je, E. Sc, B. Dj, A. Jl et al., Differential hepatic effects of perfluorobutyrate mediated by mouse and human PPARalpha, Toxicol Sci, vol.110, pp.204-211, 2009.

. Ishibashi-h, M. M. Yamauchi-r, K. Jw, and . Hirano-m, Fluorotelomer alcohols induce hepatic vitellogenin through activation of the estrogen receptor in male medaka (Oryzias latipes), Chemosphere, vol.71, pp.1853-1859, 2008.

. Jones-pd, . Hu-w, N. De-coen-w, G. Jl, and . Jp, Binding of perfluorinated fatty acids to serum proteins, Environ Toxicol Chem, vol.22, pp.2639-2649, 2003.

. Kleszczynski-k, . Gardzielewski-p, . Mulkiewicz-e, . Stepnowski-p, and . Sk?adanowski-a, Analysis of structure-cytotoxicity in vitro relationship (SAR) for perfluorinated carboxylic acids, Toxicology in Vitro, vol.21, pp.1206-1211, 2007.

. Leaver-mj, A. E. Boukouvala-e, and F. Diez-a, Three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor isotypes from each of two species of marine fish, Endocrinology, vol.146, pp.3150-3162, 2005.

. Liu-c, Y. Du, and . Zhou-b, Evaluation of estrogenic activities and mechanism of action of perfluorinated chemicals determined by vitellogenin induction in primary cultured tilapia hepatocytes, Aquat Toxicol, vol.85, pp.267-277, 2007.

Y. L. Liu-c, J. Deng, L. Pk, W. U. Rs, and . Zhou-b, Waterborne exposure to fluorotelomer alcohol 6:2 FTOH alters plasma sex hormone and gene transcription in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis of zebrafish, Aquat Toxicol, vol.93, pp.131-137, 2009.

W. J. Liu-y, Y. Liu, H. Zhang, M. Xu, and . Dai-j, Expression of a novel cytochrome P450 4T gene in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) following perfluorooctanoic acid exposure

, Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol, vol.150, pp.57-64, 2009.

S. Oakes-kd, M. Pk, M. Jw, . Dd, and . Solomon-kr, Short-term exposures of fish to perfluorooctane sulfonate: acute effects on fatty acyl-coa oxidase activity, oxidative stress, and circulating sex steroids, Environ Toxicol Chem, vol.24, pp.1172-1181, 2005.

A. Rosen-mb, W. Bd, C. Dc, W. Jc, and . Cr, Gene profiling in the livers of wild-type and PPARalpha-null mice exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid, Toxicol Pathol, vol.36, pp.592-607, 2008.

. Shi-x, Y. Du, L. Pks, W. U. Rss, and . Zhou-b, Developmental toxicity and alteration of gene expression in zebrafish embryos exposed to PFOS, Tox Applied Pharmacol, vol.230, pp.23-32, 2008.

. Shi-x, C. Liu, G. Wu, and . Zhou-b, Waterborne exposure to PFOS causes disruption of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish larvae, Chemosphere, vol.77, p.821, 2009.

. Shipley-jm, C. H. Hurst, T. Ss, D. Fl, and B. Jl, Transactivation of PPARalpha and induction of PPARalpha target genes by perfluorooctane-based chemicals, Toxicol Sci, vol.80, pp.151-160, 2004.

T. Ml and A. Bd, Activation of mouse and human peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptors (alpha, beta/delta, gamma) by perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate, Toxicol Sci, vol.95, pp.108-117, 2007.

J. P. Vanden-heuvel, T. Jt, F. Sr, and G. Pj, Differential activation of nuclear receptors by perfluorinated fatty acid analogs and natural fatty acids : a comparison of human, mouse, and rat peroxisome proliferator-activated receptoralpha, -beta, and -gamma, liver X receptor-beta

, Toxicol Sci, vol.92, pp.476-489, 2006.

. Vatland-krøvel-a, . Søfteland-l, O. Torstensen-b, and . Pa, Transcriptional effects of PFOS in isolated hepatocytes from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L, Comp Biochem Physiol C, vol.148, pp.14-22, 2008.

T. Wolf-cj, . Ml, J. E. Schmid, C. Lau, and A. Bd, Activation of mouse and human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha by perfluoroalkyl acids of different functional groups and chain lengths, Toxicol Sci, vol.106, pp.162-171, 2008.

Y. Jh, Perfluorooctanoic acid induces peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation and cytokine expression in the liver of male Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), Chemosphere, vol.81, pp.548-552, 2010.

T. Zhao-y, H. Ys, and Y. C. Sz, Perfluorooctanoic acid effects on steroid hormone and growth factor levels mediate stimulation of peripubertal mammary gland development in C57BL/6 mice, ANALYSE BIBLIOGRAPHIE DVVF (DANISH INSTITUTE OF FOOD AND VETERINARY RESEARCH). Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment Note on Parabens in Food, Cosmetics and Consumer Products, vol.115, pp.214-224, 2004.

. Efsa-(european and . Safety-authority, Opinion of the scientific panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food on a request from the commission related to parahydroxybenzoates, The EFSA Journal, vol.83, pp.1-26, 2004.

. Oishi-s, Effects of propyl paraben on the male reproductive system, Food Chem Toxicol, vol.40, pp.1807-1813, 2002.

. Oishi-s, Lack of spermatotoxic effects of methyl and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in rats, Food Chem Toxicol, vol.42, pp.1845-1849, 2004.

. Whistance-gr, F. E. Field, and T. Dr, Observations on the Biosynthesis of Ubiquinones by Animals, des produits cosmétiques (shampooings, crèmes hydratantes, mousses à raser...) et dans de nombreuses spécialités pharmaceutiques, l'être humain est régulièrement exposé aux parabènes. De même, on peut retrouver dans l'alimentation, vol.18, pp.46-52, 1971.

, Les données d'exposition aux parabènes sont limitées. Soni et coll. (2005) ont sur la production industrielle, avec une forte marge d'incertitude

, basées sur la présence permanente des parabènes selon les catégories d'aliments, D'autres estimations ont été fournies par les auteurs (Soni et coll., 2005), 2003.

, la mise en évidence des cinq parabènes les plus utilisés (méthyl, éthyl, n-propyl, n-butyl et isobutyl parabènes) dans la graisse de carcinomes mammaires (Darbre et coll., 2004), a stimulé une discussion internationale (Flower, 2004.

A. Bibliographie-calafat-am, Y. , W. Ly, B. Am, and N. Ll, Calafat et coll. (2010) ont étudié l'exposition au méthyl, éthyl, propyl, et butyl parabènes dans un échantillon représentatif de la population générale des États-Unis (personnes âgées de 6 ans et plus) entre 2005 et 2006. L'analyse a porté sur 2 548 échantillons urinaires. Le méthyl parabène et le propyl parabène ont été détectés dans 99,1 % et 92,7 % des échantillons respectivement, La quantification urinaire des parabènes (libres ou conjugués) a été proposée comme biomarqueur spécifique de leur exposition, vol.118, pp.679-685, 2006.

C. Caon-t, . Ac, M. De-oliveira-ma, and S. Cm, Evaluation of the transdermal permeation of different paraben combinations through a pig ear skin model, Int J Pharm, vol.391, pp.1-6, 2010.

, Ethylparaben, Propylparaben, Isopropylparaben, Butylparaben, Isobutylparaben, and Benzylparaben as used in cosmetic products, CIR. Final amended report on the safety assessment of Methylparaben, pp.1-82, 2008.

. Cowan-ellsberry, R. Ce, and . Sh, Refining aggregate exposure: example using parabens, Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, vol.55, pp.321-329, 2009.

A. A. Darbre-pd, C. Miller-wr, . Ng, and . Sauer-mj, Concentrations of parabens in human breast tumours, J Appl Toxicol, vol.24, pp.5-13, 2004.

D. Pd and H. Pw, Paraben esters: review of recent studies of endocrine toxicity, absorption, esterase and human exposure, and discussion of potential human health risks, J Appl Toxicol, vol.28, pp.561-578, 2008.

, EFSA.Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food on a Request from the Commission related to para hydroxybenzoates, vol.83, pp.1-26, 2004.

M. El-hussein-s, . Berard-m, and H. P. Makki-s, Assessment of principal parabens used in cosmetics after their passage through human epidermis-dermis layers (ex-vivo study), Exp Dermatol, vol.16, pp.830-836, 2007.

. Fischmeister-i, L. Hellgren, and . Vincent-j, Infrared spectroscopy for tracing of topically applied ointment vehicles and active substances on healthy skin, Arch Dermatol Res, vol.253, pp.63-69, 1975.

F. C. , Observations on the paper by Darbre et coll. (2204), J Appl Toxicol, vol.24, pp.304-305, 2004.

. Frederiksen-h, C. Taxvig, . Hass-u, . Vinggaard-am, and . Nellemann-c, Higher levels of ethyl paraben and butyl paraben in rat amniotic fluid than in maternal plasma after subcutaneous administration, Toxicol Sci, vol.106, pp.376-383, 2008.

. Frederiksen-h, A. Jørgensen-n, and . Am, Parabens in urine, serum and seminal plasma from healthy Danish men determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol, 2010.

E. Harvey-pw, Significance of the detection of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens) in human breast tumours, J Appl Toxicol, vol.24, pp.1-4, 2004.

. Harville-hm, P. Voorman-r, and . Jj, Comparison of paraben stability in human and rat skin, Drug Metab Lett, vol.1, pp.17-21, 2007.

. Heim-f, Die pharmakologisch-toxikologische PrÜfung von chemischen Zusatzsoffen zur Nahrung, Physik-Med/ Soz Erlangen, vol.81, pp.14-18, 1960.

. Ishiwatari-s, . Suzuki-t, . Hitomi-t, . Yoshino-t, S. Matsukuma et al., Effects of methyl paraben on skin keratinocytes, J Appl Toxicol, vol.27, pp.1-9, 2007.

. Janjua-nr, H. Frederiksen, S. Ne, W. Hc, and A. Am, Urinary excretion of phthalates and paraben after repeated whole-body topical application in humans, Int J Androl, vol.31, pp.118-130, 2008.

. Jecfa, . Benzoate, and . Hydroxy, FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series 40abc, pp.p-(, 1966.

P. Jewell-c, A. Jj, P. Na, and . Fate-g, Hydrolysis of a series of parabens by skin microsomes and cytosol from human and minipigs and in whole skin in short-term culture, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, vol.225, pp.221-228, 2007.

. Jones-ps, M. Thigpen-d, . Jl, and . Richardson-ap, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid esters as preservatives. III. The physiological disposition of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and its esters, J Am Pharm Assoc Sci Ed, vol.45, pp.265-273, 1956.

. Lobemeier-c, . Tschoetschel-c, . Westie-s, and . Heymann-e, Hydrolysis of parabenes by extracts from differing layers of human skin, Biol Chem, vol.377, pp.647-651, 1996.

. Makino-t, Female reproductive tract and mammary disorders caused by endocrine disruptor, Jpn Med Assoc J, vol.46, pp.93-96, 2003.

. Ntp and . Butylparaben, Review of Toxicological Literature, 2005.

P. Jj, C. Ackermann, and . Voorman-r, Comparison of skin esterase activities from different species, Pharm Res, vol.23, pp.1517-1524, 2006.

. Scf, Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, Thirty-fifth series, 1994.

. Schlumpf-m, . Kypke-k, M. Wittassek, J. Angerer, H. Mascher et al., Exposure patterns of UV filters, fragrances, parabens, phthalates, organochlor pesticides, PBDEs, and PCBs in human milk: Correlation of UV filters with use of cosmetics, Chemosphere, vol.81, pp.1171-1183, 2010.

C. Soni-mg, B. Ig, and . Ga, Safety assessment of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens), Food Chem Toxicol, vol.43, pp.985-1015, 2005.

. Ye-x, R. Bishop-am, . Ja, C. Needhamll, and . Am, Parabens as Urinary Biomarkers of Exposure in Humans, Environ Health Perspect, vol.114, pp.1843-1846, 2006.

, Chez les rates immatures Wistar, l'administration sous-cutanée de 5 mg PABA/kg/j était sans effet mais le butyl parabène entraînait une réponse oestrogénique faible à 600 mg/kg/j (Hossaini et coll, 2000.

. Dans-l'étude-de-vo, et isobutyl parabènes) ont été étudiés sur des femelles rat Sprague-Dawley suite à une exposition pendant la période péripubertaire. Les femelles étaient traitées oralement avec ces parabènes (62,5, 250 et 1 000 mg/kg/j), des jours 21 à 40 après la naissance, les effets des parabènes (méthyl, éthyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, 2010.

, pour la dose la plus élevée de propyl et isopropyl parabènes (1 000 mg/kg/j) et toutes les doses de butyl et isobutyl parabènes. Les niveaux hormonaux d'oestradiol sont significativement réduits chez les animaux traités par méthyl, éthyl, propyl, isopropyl, et isobutyl parabènes. Une analyse de liaison aux récepteurs des oestrogènes indique que l'affinité de liaison s'effectue de la façon suivante : isobutyl parabène>butyl parabène>isopropyl parabène=propyl parabène>éthyl parabène, L'analyse histologique révèle des anomalies au niveau de l'utérus, à savoir une hypertrophie du myomètre

, II : Synthèse des études chez l'animal femelle, Tableau, vol.58

. Alslev-b, . Korsgaard-b, and . Bjerregaard-p, Estrogenicity of butylparaben in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss exposed via food and water, Aquat Toxicol, vol.72, pp.295-304, 2005.

A. Bjerregaard-p, P. Dn, P. Kl, . Sn, and . Korsgaard-b, Estrogenic effect of propylparaben (propylhydroxybenzoate) in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss after exposure via food and water, Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol, vol.136, pp.309-317, 2003.

. Boberg-j, C. Taxvig, S. Christiansen, and . Hass-u, Possible endocrine disrupting effects of parabens and their metabolites, Reprod Toxico, vol.30, pp.301-312, 2010.

B. Darbre-pd, S. Jr, H. Le, P. Ra, . Gs et al., OEstrogenic activity of isobutylparaben in vitro and in vivo, J Appl Toxicol, vol.22, pp.219-226, 2002.

B. Darbre-pd, S. Jr, . Le, C. Hall-s, P. Ng et al., OEstrogenic activity of benzylparaben, J Appl Toxicol, vol.23, pp.43-51, 2003.

. Daston-gp, Developmental toxicity evaluation of butylparaben in Sprague-Dawley rats, Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol, vol.71, pp.296-302, 2004.

. Dobbins-ll, B. Usenko-s, B. Ra, and . Bw, Probabilistic ecological hazard assessment of parabens using Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas, Environ Toxicol Chem, vol.28, pp.2744-2753, 2009.

T. Fisher-js, . Kj, D. Brown, and . Sharpe-rm, Effect of neonatal exposure to estrogenic compounds on development of the excurrent ducts of the rat testis through puberty to adulthood, Environ Health Perspect, vol.107, pp.397-405, 1999.

. Hoberman-am, . Schreur-dk, D. Leazer-t, . Gp, and . Carthew-p, Lack of effect of butylparaben and methylparaben on the reproductive system in male rats, Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol, vol.83, pp.123-133, 2008.

. Hossaini-a, J. J. Larsen, and J. C. Larsen, Lack of oestrogenic effects of food preservatives (parabens) in uterotrophic assays, Food Chem Toxicol, vol.38, pp.319-323, 2000.

. Inui-m, . Adachi-t, . Takenaka-s, H. Inui, M. Nakazawa et al., Effect of UV screens and preservatives on vitellogenin and choriogenin production in male medaka (Oryzias latipes), Toxicology, vol.194, pp.43-50, 2003.

C. Kang, R. Jh, K. Dy, L. I. Tw, and . Gx, Decreased sperm number and motile activity on the F1 offspring maternally exposed to butyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid (butyl paraben), J Vet Med Sci, vol.64, pp.227-235, 2002.

. Lemini-c, . Silva-g, . Timossi-c, . Luque-d, G. Valverde-a et al., Estrogenic effects of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in CD1 mice, Environ Res, vol.75, pp.130-134, 1997.

. Mikula-p, . Dobsikova-r, and J. Svobodova-z, Evaluation of xenoestrogenic potential of propylparaben in zebrafish (Danio rerio), Neuro Endocrinol Lett, vol.27, issue.2, pp.104-107, 2006.

. Mikula-p, . Kruíková-k, . Dob?íková-r, . Haru?tiaková-d, and . Svobodová-z, Influence of Propylparaben on Vitellogenesis and Sex Ratio in Juvenile Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Acta Vet, vol.78, pp.319-326, 2009.

. Oishi-s, Effects of butylparaben on the male reproductive system in rats, Toxicol Ind Health, vol.17, pp.31-33, 2001.

. Oishi-s, Effects of propyl paraben on the male reproductive system, Food Chem Toxicol, vol.40, pp.1807-1813, 2002.

. Oishi-s, Effects of butyl paraben on the male reproductive system in mice, Arch Toxicol, vol.76, pp.423-429, 2002.

. Oishi-s, Lack of spermatotoxic effects of methyl and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in rats, Food Chem Toxicol, vol.42, pp.1845-1849, 2004.

P. Pedersen-kl, C. Sn, . Lb, . Korsgaard-b, and . Bjerregaard-p, The preservatives ethyl-, propyl-and butylparaben are oestrogenic in an in vivo fish assay, Pharmacol Toxicol, vol.86, pp.110-113, 2000.

R. Ej, P. J. Odum, J. , and A. J. Sumpter-jp, Some alkyl hydroxy benzoate preservatives (parabens) are estrogenic, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, vol.153, pp.12-19, 1998.

, SCCP. Opinion on Parabens SCCP

. Song, L. I. Bl, . Hy, and . Peng-dr, In vitro spermicidal activity of parabens against human spermatozoa, Contraception, vol.39, pp.331-335, 1989.

. Song, . Bl, L. I. Peng-dr, Z. Hy, . Gh et al., Evaluation of the effect of butyl p-hydroxybenzoate on the proteolytic activity and membrane function of human spermatozoa, J Reprod Fertil, vol.91, pp.435-440, 1991.

. Taxvig-c, . Vinggaard-am, A. Hass-u, and J. Boberg, Do parabens have the ability to interfere with steroidogenesis?, Toxicol Sci, vol.106, pp.206-213, 2008.

. Terasaki-m, . Kamata-r, F. Shiraishi, and . Makino-m, Evaluation of estrogenic activity of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives by using the yeast two-hybrid assay and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Environ Toxicol Chem, vol.28, pp.204-208, 2009.

. Yamamoto-h, . Watanabe-m, Y. Hirata, Y. Nakamura, . Nakamura-y et al., Preliminary ecological risk assessment of butylparaben and benzylparaben-1. Removal efficiency in wastewater treatment, acute/chronic toxicity for aquatic organisms, and effects on medaka gene expression, Environ Sci, vol.14, pp.73-87, 2007.

. Vo-ttb, Y. M. Yoo, C. Kc, and J. Eb, Potential estrogenic effect(s) of parabens at the prepubertal stage of a postnatal female rat model, Reprod Toxicol, vol.29, pp.306-316, 2010.

. Gomez-e, . Pillon-a, H. Fenet, D. Rosain-d, and . Mj, Estrogenic activity of cosmetic components in reporter cell lines: parabens, UV screens, and musks, J Toxicol Environ Health A, vol.68, pp.239-251, 2005.

K. Ts, C. Y. Yoon, J. Kk, K. Ss, B. Kang-ih et al., In vitro study of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) endocrine disruptor screening and testing methods-establishment of a recombinant rat androgen receptor (rrAR) binding assay, J Toxicol Sci, vol.35, pp.239-243, 2010.

. Nishihara-t, J. Nishikawa, . Kanayama-t, . Dakeyama-f, and . Saito-k, Estrogenic activities of 517 chemicals by yeast two-hybrid assay, J Health Sci, vol.46, pp.282-298, 2000.

. Okubo-t, Y. Yokoyama, . Kano-k, and . Kano-i, ER-dependent estrogenic activity of parabens assessed by proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and expression of ERalpha and PR, Food Chem Toxicol, vol.39, pp.1225-1232, 2001.

P. Jj, . Harville-hm, . Zhang-y, C. Ackermann, and . Voorman-rl, Parabens inhibit human skin estrogen sulfotransferase activity: possible link to paraben estrogenic effects, Toxicology, vol.232, pp.248-256, 2007.

. Pugazhendhi-d, D. Pope-gs, and . Pd, OEstrogenic activity of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (common metabolite of paraben esters) and methylparaben in human breast cancer cell lines, J Appl Toxicol, vol.25, pp.301-309, 2005.

. Pugazhendhi-d, D. Sadler-aj, and . Pd, Comparison of the global gene expression profiles produced by methylparaben, n-butylparaben and 17beta-oestradiol in MCF7 human breast cancer cells, J Appl Toxicol, vol.27, pp.67-77, 2007.

S. E. Rajapakse-n and . Kortenkamp-a, Combining xenoestrogens at levels below individual no-observed-effect concentrations dramatically enhances steroid hormone action, Environ Health Perspect, vol.110, pp.917-921, 2002.

R. Ej, P. J. Odum, J. , and A. J. Sumpter-jp, Some alkyl hydroxy benzoate preservatives (parabens) are estrogenic, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, vol.153, pp.12-19, 1998.

. Sadler-aj, D. Pugazhendhi-d, and . Pd, Use of global gene expression patterns in mechanistic studies of oestrogen action in MCF7 human breast cancer cells, Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.114, pp.21-32, 2009.

. Terasaka-s, . Inoue-a, . Tanji-m, and . Kiyama-r, Expression profiling of estrogen-responsive genes in breast cancer cells treated with alkylphenols, chlorinated phenols, parabens, or bis-and benzoylphenols for evaluation of estrogenic activity, Toxicol Lett, vol.163, pp.130-141, 2006.

J. A. Van-meeuwen, V. So, P. Ah, J. De, . Pc et al., Aromatase inhibiting and combined estrogenic effects of parabens and estrogenic effects of other additives in cosmetics, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, vol.230, pp.372-382, 2008.

J. Vo-ttb and . Eb, An Evaluation of Estrogenic Activity of Parabens Using Uterine Calbindin-D9k Gene in an Immature Rat Model, Toxicological Sciences, vol.112, pp.68-77, 2009.

. Byford, En particulier, Byford et ses collaborateurs (2002) ont détecté des effets d'inhibition compétitive vis-à-vis du 17b-oestradiol (E2) pour des concentrations élevées en parabène (jusqu'à un million de fois en excès molaire), Si l'E2 a son pic d'activité (dans les cellules MCF-7) pour des concentrations comprises entre 10 -10 et 10 -8 M, les parabènes présentent un maximum dans l'intervalle 10 -5 à 10 -4 M. Ces quatre molécules présentent une affinité de liaison, 1998.

, Cette affinité augmente avec la longueur de la chaîne alkyle, comme observé pour le récepteur de l'utérus du rat (Blair et coll, 2000.

, L'affinité de liaison est également linéairement corrélée avec l'hydrophobicité, ce qui démontre l'importance de l'interaction faible impliquant le cycle benzénique (Darbre et coll, 2003.

, Dans cette étude in vitro sur 37 produits chimiques (dont 11 parabènes) présents dans les lotions solaires, 11 composés (principalement 7 parabènes avec des chaînes alkyles linéaires et ramifiées, et des benzophénones) présentaient une RBA entre 0,001 et 0,077 % pour le récepteur alpha aux oestrogènes. Les auteurs suggèrent que l'affinité augmente avec la longueur et la ramification de la chaîne, Des conclusions similaires ont été obtenues dans l'étude fournie par Morohoshi et ses collaborateurs, 2001.

A. En, . Blair-rm, H. Fang, B. Ws, H. Bs et al., The estrogen receptor relative binding affinities of 188 natural and xenochemicals: structural diversity of ligands, La littérature ne semble pas présenter d'études dédiées spécifiquement aux relations QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship) entre la structure des parabènes et leurs interactions avec les récepteurs endocriniens, vol.54, pp.138-153, 2000.

S. Byford-jr, D. Le, P. Mgb, . Gs, D. Sauer-mj et al., OEstrogenic activity of parabens in MCF7 human breast cancer cells, Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.80, pp.49-60, 2002.

B. Darbre-pd, S. Jr, . Le, C. Hall-s, and . Ng, OEstrogenic activity of benzylparaben, J Appl Toxicol, vol.23, pp.43-51, 2003.

. Dodge-a, Natural and anthropogenic environmental oestrogens: the scientific basis for risk assessment. Structure/activity relationships, Pure Appl Chem, vol.70, pp.1725-1733, 1998.

S. Godfrey-d.-;-p-guadarrama, . Fomine, . Salcedo, and . Martínez, Comment on: Construction of simplified models to simulate estrogenic disruptions by esters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens), Biophysical Chemistry, vol.137, pp.63-64, 2008.

. Guadarrama-p, . Fomine-s, . Salcedo-r, and . Martinez-a, Construction of simplified models to simulate estrogenic disruptions by esters of 4-hydroxy benzoic acid (parabens), Biophys Chem, vol.13, pp.1-6, 2008.

L. Ma, . Winiger-f, A. Vedani, and . Ernst-b, Impact of induced fit on ligand binding to the androgen receptor: a multidimensional QSAR study to predict endocrine-disrupting effects of environmental chemicals, J Med Chem, vol.8, pp.5666-5674, 2005.

. Morohoshi-k, . Yamamoto-h, . Kamata-r, . Shiraishi-f, . Koda-t et al., Estrogenic activity of 37 components of commercial sunscreen lotions evaluated by in vitro assays, Toxicology in Vitro, vol.19, pp.457-469, 2005.

. Okubo-t, Y. Yokoyama, . Kano-k, and . Kano-i, ER-dependent estrogenic activity of parabens assessed by proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and expression of ERalpha and PR, Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol.39, pp.1225-1232, 2001.

. Roncaglioni-a, . Piclin-n, . Pintore-m, and . Benfenati-e, Binary classification models for endocrine disrupter effects mediated through the estrogen receptor, SAR and QSAR in Environmental Research, vol.19, pp.697-733, 2008.

R. Ej, P. J. Odum, J. , and A. J. Sumpter-jp, Some alkyl hydroxy benzoate preservatives (parabens) are estrogenic, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, vol.153, pp.12-19, 1998.

. Shi-lm, H. Fang, . Tong-w, J. Wu, and P. Sr, QSAR models using a large diverse set of estrogens, J Chem Inf Comput Sci, vol.41, pp.186-195, 2001.

, Études structure-fonction

, Technical Guidance Document on Risk Assessment in support of Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on Risk Assessment for new notified substances. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 on Risk Assessment for existing substances. Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market, p.311, 2003.

. Echa-(european-chemicals and . Agency, Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Chapter R.7a. Endpoint specific guidance. Guidance for the implementation of REACH, p.428, 2008.

, Environmental Protection Agency Guidelines for Developmental Toxicity Risk Assessment. EPA/600/FR-91/001, p.83, 1991.

O. Économiques,

, Guidance document on mammalian reproductive toxicity testing and assessment. OECD Environment, Health and safety Publications. Series on Testing and Assessment N° 43, p.88, 2008.