M. Absinta, P. Sati, and D. S. Reich, Advanced MRI and staging of multiple sclerosis lesions, Nat Rev Neurol, vol.12, pp.358-68, 2016.

F. Agosta, E. Pagani, D. Caputo, and M. Filippi, Associations between cervical cord gray matter damage and disability in patients with multiple sclerosis, Arch Neurol, vol.64, pp.1302-1307, 2007.

G. Arrambide, A. Rovira, J. Sastre-garriga, C. Tur, J. Castilló et al., Spinal cord lesions: a modest contributor to diagnosis in clinically isolated syndromes but a relevant prognostic factor, Mult Scler, vol.24, pp.301-313, 2018.

E. S. Beck, P. Sati, V. Sethi, T. Kober, B. Dewey et al., Improved visualization of cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis using 7T MP2RAGE, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, vol.39, pp.459-66, 2018.

R. Bonek, K. Orlicka, and Z. Maciejek, Demyelinating lesions in the cervical cord in multiple sclerosis 10 years after onset of the disease. Correlation between MRI parameters and clinical course, Neurol Neurochir Pol, vol.41, pp.229-262, 2007.

M. O. Breckwoldt, J. Gradl, S. Hä-hnel, T. Hielscher, B. Wildemann et al., Increasing the sensitivity of MRI for the detection of multiple sclerosis lesions by long axial coverage of the spinal cord: a prospective study in 119 patients, J Neurol, vol.264, pp.341-350, 2017.

W. J. Brownlee, D. R. Altmann, A. Da-mota, P. Swanton, J. K. Miszkiel et al., Association of asymptomatic spinal cord lesions and atrophy with disability 5 years after a clinically isolated syndrome, Mult Scler, vol.23, pp.665-74, 2017.

O. Commowick, A. Istace, M. Kain, B. Laurent, F. Leray et al., Objective evaluation of multiple sclerosis lesion segmentation using a data management and processing infrastructure, Sci Rep, vol.8, p.13650, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01895603

B. De-leener, V. S. Fonov, D. L. Collins, V. Callot, N. Stikov et al., PAM50: unbiased multimodal template of the brainstem and spinal cord aligned with the ICBM152 space, Neuroimage, vol.165, pp.170-179, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01657949

B. De-leener, S. Kadoury, J. Cohen-adad, and . Robust, accurate and fast automatic segmentation of the spinal cord, Neuroimage, vol.98, pp.528-564, 2014.

B. De-leener, S. Lévy, S. M. Dupont, V. S. Fonov, N. Stikov et al., SCT: Spinal Cord Toolbox, an open-source software for processing spinal cord MRI data, Neuroimage, vol.145, pp.24-43, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01425488

G. C. Deluca, G. C. Ebers, and M. M. Esiri, Axonal loss in multiple sclerosis: a pathological survey of the corticospinal and sensory tracts, Brain, vol.127, pp.1009-1027, 2004.

L. R. Dice, Measures of the amount of ecologic association between species, Ecology, vol.26, pp.297-302, 1945.

A. N. Dula, S. Pawate, R. D. Dortch, R. L. Barry, K. M. George-durrett et al., Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spinal cord in multiple sclerosis at 7T, Mult Scler, vol.22, pp.320-328, 2016.

F. Fazekas, F. Barkhof, M. Filippi, R. I. Grossman, D. K. Li et al., The contribution of magnetic resonance imaging to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, Neurology, vol.53, pp.448-56, 1999.

M. Filippi, M. Bozzali, M. A. Horsfield, M. A. Rocca, M. P. Sormani et al., A conventional and magnetization transfer MRI study of the cervical cord in patients with MS, Neurology, vol.54, p.207, 2000.

M. Filippi and M. A. Rocca, Conventional MRI in multiple sclerosis, J Neuroimaging, vol.17, issue.1, pp.3-9, 2007.

J. S. Fischer, R. A. Rudick, G. R. Cutter, and S. C. Reingold, The multiple sclerosis functional composite, Mult Scler, vol.5, 1999.

T. Fog, Topographic distribution of plaques in the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis, Arch Neurol Psychiatry, vol.63, pp.382-414, 1950.

A. Gass, M. A. Rocca, F. Agosta, O. Ciccarelli, D. Chard et al., MRI monitoring of pathological changes in the spinal cord in patients with multiple sclerosis, Lancet Neurol, vol.14, pp.443-54, 2015.

C. P. Gilmore, L. Bö, T. Owens, J. Lowe, M. M. Esiri et al., Spinal cord gray matter demyelination in multiple sclerosis-a novel pattern of residual plaque morphology, Brain Pathol, vol.16, pp.202-210, 2006.

C. P. Gilmore, I. Donaldson, L. Bö, T. Owens, J. Lowe et al., Regional variations in the extent and pattern of grey matter demyelination in multiple sclerosis: a comparison between the cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, deep grey matter nuclei and the spinal cord, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, vol.80, pp.182-189, 2009.

C. P. Gilmore, J. J. Geurts, N. Evangelou, J. C. Bot, R. A. Van-schijndel et al., Spinal cord grey matter lesions in multiple sclerosis detected by post-mortem high field MR imaging, Mult Scler, vol.15, pp.180-188, 2009.

G. H. Goldin and D. Kantor, Distribution of multiple sclerosis plaques in the spinal cord, Multiple Sclerosis, p.110, 2008.

G. Goldin and D. Kantor, Distribution of multiple sclerosis plaques in the spinal cord, Mult Scler, vol.14, p.110, 2008.

C. Gros, D. Leener, B. Badji, A. Maranzano, J. Eden et al., Automatic segmentation of the spinal cord and intramedullary multiple sclerosis lesions with convolutional neural networks, Neuroimage, vol.184, pp.901-916, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01934566

C. Gros, D. Leener, B. Dupont, S. M. Martin, A. R. Fehlings et al., Automatic spinal cord localization, robust to MRI contrasts using global curve optimization, Med Image Anal, vol.44, pp.215-242, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01690881

L. H. Hua, S. L. Donlon, M. J. Sobhanian, S. M. Portner, and D. T. Okuda, Thoracic spinal cord lesions are influenced by the degree of cervical spine involvement in multiple sclerosis, Spinal Cord, vol.53, pp.520-525, 2015.

M. Jenkinson, C. F. Beckmann, T. Behrens, M. W. Woolrich, S. M. Smith et al., Neuroimage, vol.62, pp.782-90, 2012.

U. W. Kaunzner and S. A. Gauthier, MRI in the assessment and monitoring of multiple sclerosis: an update on best practice, Ther Adv Neurol Disord, vol.10, pp.247-61, 2017.

H. Kearney, D. R. Altmann, R. S. Samson, M. C. Yiannakas, C. Wheeler-kingshott et al., Cervical cord lesion load is associated with disability independently from atrophy in MS, Neurology, vol.84, pp.367-73, 2015.

H. Kearney, D. H. Miller, and O. Ciccarelli, Spinal cord MRI in multiple sclerosis-diagnostic, prognostic and clinical value, Nat Rev Neurol, vol.11, pp.327-365, 2015.

H. Kearney, K. A. Miszkiel, M. C. Yiannakas, D. R. Altmann, O. Ciccarelli et al., Grey matter involvement by focal cervical spinal cord lesions is associated with progressive multiple sclerosis, Mult Scler, vol.22, pp.910-930, 2016.

H. Kearney, K. A. Miszkiel, M. C. Yiannakas, O. Ciccarelli, and D. H. Miller, A pilot MRI study of white and grey matter involvement by multiple sclerosis spinal cord lesions, Mult Scler Relat Disord, vol.2, pp.103-111, 2013.

D. Kidd, J. W. Thorpe, A. J. Thompson, B. E. Kendall, I. F. Moseley et al., Spinal cord MRI using multi-array coils and fast spin echo. II. Findings in multiple sclerosis, Neurology, vol.43, pp.2632-2639, 1993.

I. D. Kilsdonk, L. E. Jonkman, R. Klaver, S. J. Van-veluw, J. Zwanenburg et al., Increased cortical grey matter lesion detection in multiple sclerosis with 7 T MRI: a post-mortem verification study, Brain, vol.139, pp.1472-81, 2016.

J. F. Kurtzke, Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS), Neurology, vol.33, pp.1444-52, 1983.

S. Lévy, M. Benhamou, C. Naaman, P. Rainville, V. Callot et al., White matter atlas of the human spinal cord with estimation of partial volume effect, Neuroimage, vol.119, pp.262-71, 2015.

C. Lukas, M. H. Sombekke, B. Bellenberg, H. K. Hahn, V. Popescu et al., Relevance of spinal cord abnormalities to clinical disability in multiple sclerosis: MR imaging findings in a large cohort of patients, Radiology, vol.269, pp.542-52, 2013.

G. Lycklama, A. Thompson, M. Filippi, D. Miller, C. Polman et al., Spinal-cord MRI in multiple sclerosis, Lancet Neurol, vol.2, pp.555-62, 2003.

C. Mainero, T. Benner, A. Radding, A. Van-der-kouwe, R. Jensen et al., In vivo imaging of cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis using ultra-high field MRI, Neurology, vol.73, pp.941-949, 2009.

G. Nair, M. Absinta, and D. S. Reich, Optimized T1-MPRAGE sequence for better visualization of spinal cord multiple sclerosis lesions at 3T, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, vol.34, pp.2215-2237, 2013.

G. J. Nijeholt, E. Bergers, W. Kamphorst, J. Bot, K. Nicolay et al., Post-mortem high-resolution MRI of the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis: a correlative study with conventional MRI, histopathology and clinical phenotype, Brain, vol.124, pp.154-66, 2001.

G. J. Nijeholt, M. A. Van-walderveen, J. A. Castelijns, J. H. Van-waesberghe, C. Polman et al., Brain and spinal cord abnormalities in multiple sclerosis. Correlation between MRI parameters, clinical subtypes and symptoms, Brain, vol.121, pp.687-97, 1998.

D. R. Oppenheimer, The cervical cord in multiple sclerosis, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol, vol.4, pp.151-62, 1978.

M. Paquin, E. Mendili, M. M. Gros, C. Dupont, S. M. Cohen-adad et al., Spinal cord gray matter atrophy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, vol.39, pp.184-92, 2018.

M. A. Rocca, P. Valsasina, D. Damjanovic, M. A. Horsfield, S. Mesaros et al., Voxel-wise mapping of cervical cord damage in multiple sclerosis patients with different clinical phenotypes, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, vol.84, pp.35-41, 2013.

M. Rovaris, M. Bozzali, G. Iannucci, A. Ghezzi, D. Caputo et al., Assessment of normal-appearing white and gray matter in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis, Arch Neurol, vol.59, pp.1406-1418, 2002.

M. Rovaris, M. Bozzali, G. Santuccio, G. Iannucci, M. P. Sormani et al., Relative contributions of brain and cervical cord pathology to multiple sclerosis disability: a study with magnetisation transfer ratio histogram analysis, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, vol.69, pp.723-730, 2000.

R. Roxburgh, S. R. Seaman, T. Masterman, A. E. Hensiek, S. J. Sawcer et al., Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score: using disability and disease duration to rate disease severity, Neurology, vol.64, pp.1144-51, 2005.

P. Sati, J. Oh, R. T. Constable, N. Evangelou, C. Guttmann et al., The central vein sign and its clinical evaluation for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus statement from the North American Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis Cooperative, Nat Rev Neurol, vol.12, pp.714-736, 2016.

K. Schmierer, A. Mcdowell, N. Petrova, D. Carassiti, D. L. Thomas et al., Quantifying multiple sclerosis pathology in post mortem spinal cord using MRI, Neuroimage, vol.182, pp.251-259, 2018.

S. M. Smith, M. Jenkinson, M. W. Woolrich, C. F. Beckmann, T. Behrens et al., Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL, Neuroimage, vol.23, pp.208-227, 2004.

S. M. Smith and T. E. Nichols, Threshold-free cluster enhancement: addressing problems of smoothing, threshold dependence and localisation in cluster inference, Neuroimage, vol.44, pp.83-98, 2009.

M. H. Sombekke, M. P. Wattjes, L. J. Balk, J. M. Nielsen, H. Vrenken et al., Spinal cord lesions in patients with clinically isolated syndrome: a powerful tool in diagnosis and prognosis, Neurology, vol.80, pp.69-75, 2013.

J. M. Stankiewicz, M. Neema, D. C. Alsop, B. C. Healy, A. Arora et al., Spinal cord lesions and clinical status in multiple sclerosis: A 1.5 T and 3 T MRI study, J Neurol Sci, vol.279, pp.99-105, 2009.

P. W. Stroman, C. Wheeler-kingshott, M. Bacon, J. M. Schwab, R. Bosma et al., The current state-of-the-art of spinal cord imaging: methods, Neuroimage, vol.84, pp.1070-81, 2014.

L. M. Tartaglino, D. P. Friedman, A. E. Flanders, F. D. Lublin, R. L. Knobler et al., Multiple sclerosis in the spinal cord: MR appearance and correlation with clinical parameters, Radiology, vol.195, pp.725-757, 1995.

P. Valsasina, M. Aboulwafa, P. Preziosa, R. Messina, A. Falini et al., Cervical Cord T1-weighted hypointense lesions at MR imaging in multiple sclerosis: relationship to cord atrophy and disability, Radiology, vol.288, pp.234-278, 2018.

P. Valsasina, M. A. Horsfield, M. A. Rocca, M. Absinta, G. Comi et al., Spatial normalization and regional assessment of cord atrophy: voxel-based analysis of cervical cord 3D T1-weighted images, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, vol.33, pp.2195-200, 2012.

T. Verma and J. Cohen-adad, Effect of respiration on the B0 field in the human spinal cord at 3T, Magn Reson Med, vol.72, pp.1629-1665, 2014.

K. Weier, J. Mazraeh, Y. Naegelin, A. Thoeni, J. G. Hirsch et al., Biplanar MRI for the assessment of the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis, Mult Scler, vol.18, pp.1560-1569, 2012.

P. A. Yushkevich, J. Piven, H. C. Hazlett, R. G. Smith, S. Ho et al., User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: significantly improved efficiency and reliability, Neuroimage, vol.31, pp.1116-1144, 2006.

K. M. Zackowski, S. A. Smith, D. S. Reich, E. Gordon-lipkin, B. A. Chodkowski et al., Sensorimotor dysfunction in multiple sclerosis and column-specific magnetization transfer-imaging abnormalities in the spinal cord, Brain, vol.132, pp.1200-1209, 2009.