H. Salize, H. Drebing, and M. Peitz, Compulsory admission and involuntary treatment of mentally ill patients -legislation and practice in EU-member states. Mannheim: Central institute of mental health, 2002.

E. C. Fistein, A. J. Holland, I. Clare, and M. J. Gunn, A comparison of mental health legislation from diverse commonwealth jurisdictions, Int J Law Psychiatry, vol.32, pp.147-55, 2009.

C. Katsakou and S. Priebe, Outcomes of involuntary hospital admission -a review, Acta Psychiatr Scand, vol.114, pp.232-273, 2006.

, Center for quality assessment and improvement in mental health. Quality measure inventory, 2015.

V. Donisi, F. Tedeschi, D. Salazzari, and F. Amaddeo, Differences in the use of involuntary admission across the Veneto region: which role for individual and contextual variables?, Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci, vol.25, pp.49-57, 2016.

C. Hermann, Improving mental healthcare. A guide to measurement-based quality improvement, 2006.

, World Health Organization. WHO QualityRights tool kit. Assessing and improving quality and human rights in mental health and social care facilities. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012.

H. J. Salize and H. Dressing, Coercion, involuntary treatment and quality of mental health care: is there any link?, Curr Opin Psychiatry, vol.18, pp.576-84, 2005.

U. Siponen, M. Välimäki, M. Kaivosoja, M. Marttunen, and R. Kaltiala-heino, A comparison of two hospital districts with low and high figures in the compulsory care of minors: an ecological study, Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, vol.46, pp.661-70, 2011.

B. Emons, I. S. Haussleiter, J. Kalthoff, A. Schramm, K. Hoffmann et al., Impact of social-psychiatric services and psychiatric clinics on involuntary admissions, Int J Soc Psychiatry, vol.60, pp.672-80, 2014.

I. Hattori and T. Higashi, Socioeconomic and familial factors in the involuntary hospitalization of patients with schizophrenia, Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, vol.58, pp.8-15, 2004.

M. Mercuri and A. Gafni, Medical practice variations: what the literature tells us (or does not) about what are warranted and unwarranted variations, J Eval Clin Pract, vol.17, pp.671-678, 2011.

, What do we know and what can be done to improve health system performance?, 2014.

J. Wennberg, Time to tackle unwarranted variations in practice, BMJ, vol.342, p.1513, 2011.

B. Lay, C. Nordt, and W. Rössler, Variation in use of coercive measures in psychiatric hospitals, Eur Psychiatry J Assoc Eur Psychiatr, vol.26, pp.244-51, 2011.

A. I. Wierdsma and C. L. Mulder, Does mental health service integration affect compulsory admissions?, Int J Integr Care, vol.9, p.90, 2009.

. Legifrance, Circulaire du 15 mars 1960 relative au programme d'organisation et d'équipement des départements en matière de lutte contre les maladies mentales, 1960.

. Legifrance and . Loi, 2011-803 du 5 juillet 2011 relative aux droits et à la protection des personnes faisant l'objet de soins psychiatriques et aux modalités de leur prise en charge, 2011.

, Technical agency for information on hospital care, 2012.

. Ministry and . Health, , 2012.

D. W. Garnick, H. S. Luft, J. C. Robinson, and J. Tetreault, Appropriate measures of hospital market areas, Health Serv Res, vol.22, pp.69-89, 1987.

. Legifrance, Décret n°86-602 du 14 mars 1986 relatif à la lutte contre les maladies mentales et à l'organisation de la sectorisation psychiatrique, 1986.

J. M. Haro, J. L. Ayuso-mateos, I. Bitter, J. Demotes-mainard, M. Leboyer et al., ROAMER: roadmap for mental health research in Europe, Int J Methods Psychiatr Res, vol.23, issue.1, pp.1-14, 2014.

A. Prigent, A. Auraaen, B. Kamendje-tchokobou, I. Durand-zaleski, and K. Chevreul, Health-related quality of life and utility scores in people with mental disorders: a comparison with the non-mentally ill general population, Int J Environ Res Public Health, vol.11, pp.2804-2821, 2014.

, National institute for statistical and economic studies, 2010.

. Ministry and . Health, Fichier national des établissements sanitaires et sociaux, 2017.

, Causes de mortalité, 2012.

, Institute for research and information in health economics. Eco-Santé France, Régions & Départements, 2012.

, National institute for statistical and economic studies. Les résultats des recensements de la population, 2012.

, Technical agency for information on hospital care. Programme de médicalisation des systèmes d'information en médecine, chirurgie, obstétrique et odontologie (PMSI MCO), 2016.

M. Almog, S. Curtis, A. Copeland, and P. Congdon, Geographical variation in acute psychiatric admissions within new York City 1990-2000: growing inequalities in service use?, Soc Sci Med, vol.59, pp.361-76, 1982.

J. N. Payne, J. Coy, P. C. Milner, and S. Patterson, Are deprivation indicators a proxy for morbidity? A comparison of the prevalence of arthritis, depression, dyspepsia, obesity and respiratory symptoms with unemployment rates and Jarman scores, J Public Health Med, vol.15, pp.161-70, 1993.

M. Schulz, T. Czihal, M. Erhart, and D. Stillfried, Correlation between area-level sociodemographic patterns and estimates of need for medical care

, Gesundheitswesen Bundesverb Arzte Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes Ger, vol.78, pp.290-297, 2016.

G. Rey, E. Jougla, A. Fouillet, and D. Hémon, Ecological association between a deprivation index and mortality in France over the period 1997 -2001: variations with spatial scale, degree of urbanicity, age, gender and cause of death, BMC Public Health, vol.9, p.33, 2009.

G. Rey, S. Rican, and E. Jougla, Mesure des inégalités de mortalité par cause de décès. Approche écologique à l'aide d'un indice de désavantage social, Bul Epidémiol Hebd, vol.8, issue.9, pp.87-90, 2011.

F. Windenberger, S. Rican, E. Jougla, and G. Rey, Spatiotemporal association between deprivation and mortality: trends in France during the nineties, Eur J Pub Health, vol.22, pp.347-53, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00838342

M. Coldefy, L. Com-ruelle, V. Lucas-gabrielli, and L. Marcoux, Les distances d'accès aux soins en France métropolitaine au 1er janvier, 2007.

, National institute for statistical and economic studies. Définitions, méthodes et qualité -base des unités urbaines, 2010.

H. Abdi, Coefficient of variation. Encycl res des. Thousand oaks, Etats-Unis: SAGE, pp.170-171, 2010.

G. Zulian, V. Donisi, G. Secco, R. Pertile, M. Tansella et al., How are caseload and service utilisation of psychiatric services influenced by distance? A geographical approach to the study of community-based mental health services, Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, vol.46, pp.881-91, 2011.

A. Calderón-larrañaga, M. Soljak, T. E. Cowling, A. Gaitatzis, and A. Majeed, Association of primary care factors with hospital admissions for epilepsy in England, Seizure, vol.23, pp.657-61, 2004.

S. Curtis, A. Copeland, J. Fagg, P. Congdon, M. Almog et al., The ecological relationship between deprivation, social isolation and rates of hospital admission for acute psychiatric care: a comparison of London and new York City, Health Place, vol.12, pp.19-37, 2006.

, Disease burden and mortality estimates, 2018.

, Population, female (% of total) | Data, 2018.

. Eurostat, Population age structure by major age groups, 2006.

, Population ages 15-64 (% of total, 2018.

G. D. Girolamo, A. Barbato, R. Bracco, A. Gaddini, R. Miglio et al., Characteristics and activities of acute psychiatric in-patient facilities: national survey in Italy, Br J Psychiatry, vol.191, pp.170-177, 2007.

H. J. Salize and H. Dressing, Epidemiology of involuntary placement of mentally ill people across the European Union, Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci, vol.184, pp.163-171, 2004.

M. Coldefy, L'évolution des dispositifs de soins psychiatriques en Allemagne, Angleterre, France et Italie : similitudes et divergences. Quest Déconomie Santé, pp.1-8, 2012.

V. Lorant, C. Depuydt, B. Gillain, A. Guillet, and V. Dubois, Involuntary commitment in psychiatric care: what drives the decision?, Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, vol.42, pp.360-365, 2007.

S. P. Segal, T. A. Laurie, and M. J. Segal, Factors in the use of coercive retention in civil commitment evaluations in psychiatric emergency services, Psychiatr Serv Wash DC, vol.52, pp.514-534, 2001.

J. Norton, M. David, C. Gandubert, C. Bouvier, L. Gutierrez et al., Ability of French General Practitioners to detect common mental disorders identified using the Patient Health Questionnaire: Has this changed with the introduction of gatekeeping and registration with a chosen doctor

, L'Encephale, 2016.

J. Norton, G. De-roquefeuil, M. David, J. Boulenger, K. Ritchie et al., Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in French general practice using the patient health questionnaire: comparison with GP case-recognition and psychotropic medication prescription, L'Encéphale, vol.35, pp.560-569, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00319508

M. Laforcade, Paris: Ministère des affaires sociales et de la santé, 2016.

A. Dezetter, X. Briffault, R. Bruffaerts, D. Graaf, R. et al., Use of general practitioners versus mental health professionals in six European countries: the decisive role of the organization of mental health-care systems, Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, vol.48, pp.137-186, 2013.

, Direction de la recherche, des études, de l'évaluation et des statistiques. Organisation de l'offre de soins en psychiatrie et santé mentale

. Paris, Ministère des affaires sociales et de la santé, 2014.

A. Fernandez, J. A. Gillespie, J. Smith-merry, X. Feng, T. Astell-burt et al., Integrated mental health atlas of the western Sydney local Health District: gaps and recommendations, Aust Health Rev Publ Aust Hosp Assoc, vol.41, issue.1, pp.38-44, 2016.

L. Salvador-carulla, J. Alvarez-galvez, C. Romero, M. R. Gutiérrez-colosía, G. Weber et al., Evaluation of an integrated system for classification, assessment and comparison of services for long-term care in Europe: the eDESDE-LTC study, BMC Health Serv Res, vol.13, p.218, 2013.

P. Simon, Ethnic" statistics and data protection in the Council of Europe countries. Study report, 2007.

, World Health Organization. Mental health action plan 2013-2020. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2013.

, World Health Organization. World health organization assessment instrument for mental health systems. WHO-AIMS version 2.2. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2005.