R. Stupp, W. P. Mason, M. J. Van-den-bent, M. Weller, B. Fisher et al., Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma, N Engl J Med, vol.352, pp.987-96, 2005.

S. Sell, A. Nicolini, P. Ferrari, and P. M. Biava, Cancer: A Problem of developmental biology; scientific evidence for reprogramming and differentiation therapy, Curr Drug Targets, vol.17, pp.1103-1113, 2016.

D. Nowak, D. Stewart, and H. P. Koeffler, Differentiation therapy of leukemia: 3 decades of development, Blood, vol.113, pp.3655-65, 2009.

M. Maden, Retinoic acid in the development, regeneration and maintenance of the nervous system, Nat Rev Neurosci, vol.8, pp.755-65, 2007.

M. Clagett-dame, E. M. Mcneill, and P. D. Muley, Role of all-trans retinoic acid in neurite outgrowth and axonal elongation, J Neurobiol, vol.66, pp.739-56, 2006.

E. M. Jones-villeneuve, M. A. Rudnicki, J. F. Harris, and M. W. Mcburney, Retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells, Mol Cell Biol, vol.3, pp.2271-2280, 1983.

S. J. Pleasure, C. Page, and V. M. Lee, Pure, postmitotic, polarized human neurons derived from NTera 2 cells provide a system for expressing exogenous proteins in terminally differentiated neurons, J Neurosci, vol.12, pp.1802-1817, 1992.

G. L. Defer, H. Adle-biassette, F. Ricolfi, L. Martin, F. J. Authier et al., All-trans retinoic acid in relapsing malignant gliomas: Clinical and radiological stabilization associated with the appearance of intratumoral calcifications, J Neurooncol, vol.34, pp.169-77, 1997.

S. E. Kaba, A. P. Kyritsis, C. Conrad, M. J. Gleason, R. Newman et al., The treatment of recurrent cerebral gliomas with all-trans-retinoic acid (tretinoin), J Neurooncol, vol.34, pp.145-51, 1997.

W. K. Yung, A. P. Kyritsis, M. J. Gleason, and V. A. Levin, Treatment of recurrent malignant gliomas with high-dose 13-cis-retinoic acid, Clin Cancer Res, vol.2, pp.1931-1936, 1996.

B. Campos, F. Wan, M. Farhadi, A. Ernst, F. Zeppernick et al., Differentiation therapy exerts antitumor effects on stem-like glioma cells, Clin Cancer Res, vol.16, pp.2715-2743, 2010.

I. Choschzick, E. Hirseland, H. Cramer, S. Schultz, J. Leppert et al., Responsiveness of stem-like human glioma cells to all-trans retinoic acid and requirement of retinoic acid receptor isotypes ?, ? and ?, Neuroscience, vol.279, pp.44-64, 2014.

S. E. Kaba, L. A. Langford, W. K. Yung, and A. P. Kyritsis, Resolution of recurrent malignant ganglioglioma after treatment with cis-retinoic acid, J Neurooncol, vol.30, pp.55-60, 1996.

S. J. See, V. A. Levin, W. K. Yung, K. R. Hess, and M. D. Groves, 13-cis-retinoic acid in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme, Neuro Oncol, vol.6, pp.253-261, 2004.

C. Wismeth, P. Hau, K. Fabel, U. Baumgart, B. Hirschmann et al., Maintenance therapy with 13-cis retinoid acid in high-grade glioma at complete response after first-line multimodal therapy-a phase-II study, J Neurooncol, vol.68, pp.79-86, 2004.

N. Platet, S. Y. Liu, M. E. Atifi, L. Oliver, F. M. Vallette et al., Influence of oxygen tension on CD133 phenotype in human glioma cell cultures, Cancer Lett, vol.258, pp.286-90, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00382779

M. F. Nissou, M. El-atifi, A. Guttin, C. Godfraind, C. Salon et al., Hypoxia-induced expression of VE-cadherin and filamin B in glioma cell cultures and pseudopalisade structures, J Neurooncol, vol.113, pp.239-288, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00851136

U. Gimenez, A. T. Perles-barbacaru, A. Millet, F. Appaix, M. El-atifi et al., Microscopic DTI accurately identifies early glioma cell migration: Correlation with multimodal imaging in a new glioma stem cell model, NMR Biomed, vol.29, pp.1553-62, 2016.

L. Selek, E. Seigneuret, G. Nugue, D. Wion, M. F. Nissou et al., Imaging and histological characterization of a human brain xenograft in pig: The first induced glioma model in a large animal, J Neurosci Methods, vol.221, pp.159-65, 2014.

M. Court, G. Petre, M. E. Atifi, and A. Millet, Proteomic signature reveals modulation of human macrophage polarization and functions under differing environmental oxygen conditions, Mol Cell Proteomics, vol.16, pp.2153-68, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01599605

R. J. Diaz, B. Golbourn, M. Shekarforoush, C. A. Smith, and J. T. Rutka, Aurora kinase B/C inhibition impairs malignant glioma growth in vivo, J Neurooncol, vol.108, pp.349-60, 2012.

D. Friedmann-morvinski, E. A. Bushong, E. Ke, Y. Soda, T. Marumoto et al., Dedifferentiation of neurons and astrocytes by oncogenes can induce gliomas in mice, Science, vol.338, pp.1080-1084, 2012.

L. Gao, W. Guan, M. Wang, H. Wang, J. Yu et al., Direct generation of human neuronal cells from adult astrocytes by small molecules, Stem Cell Reports, vol.8, pp.538-585, 2017.

M. Karsy, L. Albert, M. E. Tobias, R. Murali, and M. Jhanwar-uniyal, All-trans retinoic acid modulates cancer stem cells of glioblastoma multiforme in an MAPK-dependent manner, Anticancer Res, vol.30, pp.4915-4935, 2010.

C. S. Niu, M. W. Li, Y. F. Ni, J. M. Chen, J. M. Mei et al., Effect of all-trans retinoic acid on the proliferation and differentiation of brain tumor stem cells, J Exp Clin Cancer Res, vol.29, p.113, 2010.

B. Campos, Z. Gal, A. Baader, T. Schneider, C. Sliwinski et al., Aberrant self-renewal and quiescence contribute to the aggressiveness of glioblastoma, J Pathol, vol.234, pp.23-33, 2014.

A. Idbaih, E. Crinière, K. L. Ligon, O. Delattre, and J. Y. Delattre, Array-based genomics in glioma research, Brain Pathol, vol.20, pp.28-38, 2010.

M. Debiec-rychter, J. Alwasiak, P. P. Liberski, B. Nedoszytko, M. Babi?ska et al., Accumulation of chromosomal changes in human glioma progression. A cytogenetic study of 50 cases, Cancer Genet Cytogenet, vol.85, pp.61-68, 1995.

A. Karina, B. P. Jonker, A. Morey, C. Selinger, R. Gupta et al., Glioblastoma with primitive neuroectodermal tumour-like components, Pathology, vol.44, pp.270-273, 2012.

A. Shiras, A. Bhosale, V. Shepal, R. Shukla, V. S. Baburao et al., A unique model system for tumor progression in GBM comprising two developed human neuro-epithelial cell lines with differential transforming potential and coexpressing neuronal and glial markers, Neoplasia, vol.5, pp.520-552, 2003.

M. Osswald, J. E. Sahm, F. Solecki, G. Venkataramani, V. Blaes et al., Brain tumour cells interconnect to a functional and resistant network, Nature, vol.528, pp.93-101, 2015.

S. Weil, M. Osswald, G. Solecki, J. Grosch, J. E. Lemke et al., Tumor microtubes convey resistance to surgical lesions and chemotherapy in gliomas, Neuro Oncol, vol.19, pp.1316-1342, 2017.

M. L. Suvà, E. Rheinbay, S. M. Gillespie, A. P. Patel, H. Wakimoto et al., Reconstructing and reprogramming the tumor-propagating potential of glioblastoma stem-like cells, Cell, vol.157, pp.580-94, 2014.

F. Lu, Y. Chen, C. Zhao, H. Wang, D. He et al., Olig2-dependent reciprocal shift in PDGF and EGF receptor signaling regulates tumor phenotype and mitotic growth in malignant glioma, Cancer Cell, vol.29, pp.669-83, 2016.

T. D. Deegan and J. F. Diffley, MCM: One ring to rule them all, Curr Opin Struct Biol, vol.37, pp.145-51, 2016.

M. Ehtesham, M. E. Issar, N. M. Kasl, R. A. Khan, I. S. Thompson et al., The role of the CXCR4 cell surface chemokine receptor in glioma biology, J Neurooncol, vol.113, pp.153-62, 2013.

W. F. Zeng, K. Navaratne, R. A. Prayson, and R. J. Weil, Aurora B expression correlates with aggressive behaviour in glioblastoma multiforme, J Clin Pathol, vol.60, pp.218-239, 2007.

K. S. Borges, A. M. Castro-gamero, D. A. Moreno, V. Da-silva-silveira, M. S. Brassesco et al., Inhibition of aurora kinases enhances chemosensitivity to temozolomide and causes radiosensitization in glioblastoma cells, J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, vol.138, pp.405-419, 2012.

N. Li, D. J. Maly, Y. H. Chanthery, D. W. Sirkis, J. L. Nakamura et al., , 2018.

. Dreyfus, Reconsidering retinoic acid-mediated cellular reprogramming et al. Radiotherapy followed by aurora kinase inhibition targets tumor-propagating cells in human glioblastoma, Mol Cancer Ther, vol.14, pp.419-447, 2015.

K. J. Book and D. K. Morest, Migration of neuroblasts by perikaryal translocation: Role of cellular elongation and axonal outgrowth in the acoustic nuclei of the chick embryo medulla, J Comp Neurol, vol.297, pp.55-76, 1990.

V. B. Domesick and D. K. Morest, Migration and differentiation of ganglion cells in the optic tectum of the chick embryo, Neuroscience, vol.2, pp.459-75, 1977.

O. Y. Ivanova, L. V. Domnina, J. M. Vasiliev, and I. M. Gelfand, Migration of nuclei and perikaryal cytoplasm along the cytoplasmic processes of differentiated neuroblastoma cells, Cell Biol Int Rep, vol.11, pp.699-705, 1987.

A. Giese, M. A. Loo, N. Tran, D. Haskett, S. W. Coons et al., Dichotomy of astrocytoma migration and proliferation, Int J Cancer, vol.67, pp.275-82, 1996.

H. Hatzikirou, D. Basanta, M. Simon, K. Schaller, and A. Deutsch, Go or grow': The key to the emergence of invasion in tumour progression, Math Med Biol, vol.29, pp.49-65, 2012.

S. J. Dalrymple, J. E. Parisi, P. C. Roche, S. C. Ziesmer, B. W. Scheithauer et al., Changes in proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in glioblastoma multiforme cells along a stereotactic biopsy trajectory, Neurosurgery, vol.35, pp.1036-1080, 1994.

M. E. Berens and A. Giese, biology and oncology of invasive glioma cells, Neoplasia, vol.1, pp.208-227, 1999.

H. T. Deelman, The part played by injury and repair in the development of cancer, Br Med J, vol.1, p.872, 1927.

D. S. Dolberg, R. Hollingsworth, M. Hertle, and M. J. Bissell, Wounding and its role in RSV-mediated tumor formation, Science, vol.230, pp.676-684, 1985.

B. Fisher and E. R. Fisher, Experimental evidence in support of the dormant tumor cell, Science, vol.130, pp.918-927, 1959.

A. Kuraishy, M. Karin, and S. I. Grivennikov, Tumor promotion via injury-and death-induced inflammation, Immunity, vol.35, pp.467-77, 2011.

L. Hamard, D. Ratel, L. Selek, F. Berger, B. Van-der-sanden et al., The brain tissue response to surgical injury and its possible contribution to glioma recurrence, J Neurooncol, vol.128, pp.1-8, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01342471

G. Nugue and D. Wion, Angiogenesis and the tumor space-time continuum, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.109, p.914, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00734054

D. Ratel, B. Van-der-sanden, and D. Wion, Glioma resection and tumor recurrence: Back to Semmelweis, Neuro Oncol, vol.18, pp.1688-1697, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01451473

A. Dufour and C. M. Overall, Missing the target: Matrix metalloproteinase antitargets in inflammation and cancer, Trends Pharmacol Sci, vol.34, pp.233-275, 2013.

D. Wion, F. Appaix, M. Burruss, F. Berger, and B. Van-der-sanden, Cancer research in need of a scientific revolution: Using 'paradigm shift' as a method of investigation, J Biosci, vol.40, pp.657-66, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01194464

S. J. Conley, E. Gheordunescu, P. Kakarala, B. Newman, H. Korkaya et al., Antiangiogenic agents increase breast cancer stem cells via the generation of tumor hypoxia, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.109, pp.2784-2793, 2012.

S. Loges, M. Mazzone, P. Hohensinner, and P. Carmeliet, Silencing or fueling metastasis with VEGF inhibitors: Antiangiogenesis revisited, Cancer Cell, vol.15, pp.167-70, 2009.

D. R. Principe, J. A. Doll, J. Bauer, B. Jung, H. G. Munshi et al., TGF-?: Duality of function between tumor prevention and carcinogenesis, J Natl Cancer Inst, vol.106, p.369, 2014.

T. T. Schug, D. C. Berry, N. S. Shaw, S. N. Travis, and N. Noy, Opposing effects of retinoic acid on cell growth result from alternate activation of two different nuclear receptors, Cell, vol.129, pp.723-756, 2007.

L. Levi, Z. Wang, M. K. Doud, S. L. Hazen, and N. Noy, Saturated fatty acids regulate retinoic acid signalling and suppress tumorigenesis by targeting fatty acid-binding protein 5, Nat Commun, vol.6, p.8794, 2015.

Y. L. Lin, S. D. Persaud, J. Nhieu, and L. N. Wei, Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 1 modulates stem cell proliferation to affect learning and memory in male mice, Endocrinology, vol.158, pp.3004-3018, 2017.

J. R. Vane, Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs, Nat New Biol, vol.231, pp.232-237, 1971.

A. Fleming, On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae, Br J Exp Pathol, vol.10, pp.226-262, 1929.

J. T. Park and J. L. Strominger, Mode of action of penicillin, Science, vol.125, pp.99-101, 1957.

E. M. Wise and J. T. Park, Penicillin: Its basic site of action as an inhibitor of a peptide cross-linking reaction in cell wall mucopeptide synthesis, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.54, pp.75-81, 1965.

P. Limousin, P. Pollak, A. Benazzouz, D. Hoffmann, L. Bas et al., Effect of Parkinsonian signs and symptoms of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation, Lancet, vol.345, pp.91-96, 1995.

C. W. Brennan, R. G. Verhaak, A. Mckenna, B. Campos, H. Noushmehr et al., The somatic genomic landscape of glioblastoma, Cell, vol.155, pp.462-77, 2013.

I. Crespo, A. L. Vital, M. Gonzalez-tablas, P. Mdel, C. Otero et al., Molecular and genomic alterations in glioblastoma multiforme, Am J Pathol, vol.185, pp.1820-1853, 2015.

R. G. Verhaak, K. A. Hoadley, E. Purdom, V. Wang, Y. Qi et al., Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1, Cancer Cell, vol.17, pp.98-110, 2010.

B. Campos, F. S. Centner, J. L. Bermejo, R. Ali, K. Dorsch et al., Aberrant expression of retinoic acid signaling molecules influences patient survival in astrocytic gliomas, Am J Pathol, vol.178, pp.1953-64, 2011.

C. H. Nelson, B. R. Buttrick, and N. Isoherranen, Therapeutic potential of the inhibition of the retinoic acid hydroxylases CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 by xenobiotics, Curr Top Med Chem, vol.13, pp.1402-1430, 2013.

T. T. Schug, D. C. Berry, I. A. Toshkov, L. Cheng, A. Y. Nikitin et al., Overcoming retinoic acid-resistance of mammary carcinomas by diverting retinoic acid from PPARbeta/delta to RAR, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.105, pp.7546-51, 2008.