F. C. Coelho, Higher incidence of Zika in adult women than adult men in Rio de Janeiro 639 suggests a significant contribution of sexual transmission from men to women, Int. J. Infect. Dis, vol.640, pp.128-132, 2016.

L. Yakob, A. Kucharski, S. Hue, and W. J. Edmunds, Low risk of a sexually-transmitted Zika virus 642 outbreak, Lancet Infect. Dis, vol.16, issue.10, pp.1100-1102, 2016.

J. Moreira, T. M. Peixoto, A. M. Siqueira, and C. C. Lamas, Sexually acquired Zika virus: a systematic 644 review, Clin. Microbiol. Infect, vol.23, issue.5, pp.296-305, 2017.

N. K. Duggal, Frequent Zika Virus Sexual Transmission and Prolonged Viral RNA Shedding 646 in an Immunodeficient Mouse Model, Cell Rep, vol.18, issue.7, pp.1751-1760, 2017.

A. D. Haddow, High Infection Rates for Adult Macaques after Intravaginal or Intrarectal 648 Inoculation with Zika Virus, Emerg. Infect. Dis, vol.23, issue.8, pp.1274-1281, 2017.

T. Carroll, Zika virus preferentially replicates in the female reproductive tract after vaginal 650 inoculation of rhesus macaques, PLOS Pathog, vol.13, issue.7, p.1006537, 2017.

W. W. Tang, A Mouse Model of Zika Virus Sexual Transmission and Vaginal Viral 652

, Replication. Cell Rep, vol.17, issue.12, pp.3091-3098, 2016.

N. K. Duggal, E. M. Mcdonald, J. M. Ritter, and A. C. Brault, Sexual transmission of Zika virus enhances in 654 utero transmission in a mouse model, Sci. Rep, vol.8, issue.1, p.4510, 2018.

S. Epelboin, Zika virus and reproduction: facts, questions and current management
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01844532

. Reprod, Update, vol.23, issue.6, pp.629-645, 2017.

L. Barzon, Virus and Antibody Dynamics in Travelers With Acute Zika Virus Infection

, Clin. Infect. Dis, vol.66, issue.8, pp.1173-1180, 2018.

P. S. Mead, Zika Virus Shedding in Semen of Symptomatic Infected Men, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.660, issue.15, pp.1377-1385, 2018.

J. Govero, Zika virus infection damages the testes in mice, Nature, vol.540, issue.7633, pp.438-662, 2016.

W. Ma, Zika Virus Causes Testis Damage and Leads to Male Infertility in Mice, Cell, vol.664, issue.6, pp.1511-1524, 2016.

B. D. Griffin, DNA vaccination protects mice against Zika virus-induced damage to the 666 testes, Nat. Commun, vol.8, p.15743, 2017.

C. Shan, A single-dose live-attenuated vaccine prevents Zika virus pregnancy transmission 668 and testis damage, Nat. Commun, vol.8, issue.1, p.676, 2017.

C. E. Osuna, Zika viral dynamics and shedding in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques

. Med, , vol.22, pp.1448-1455, 2016.

A. J. Hirsch, Zika Virus infection of rhesus macaques leads to viral persistence in multiple 672 tissues, PLOS Pathog, vol.13, issue.3, p.1006219, 2017.

F. Koide, Development of a Zika Virus Infection Model in Cynomolgus Macaques

. Microbiol, , vol.7, p.2028, 2016.

G. Joguet, Effect of acute Zika virus infection on sperm and virus clearance in body fluids: 676 a prospective observational study, Lancet Infect. Dis, vol.17, issue.11, pp.1200-1208, 2017.

V. Roulet, Human testis in organotypic culture: application for basic or clinical research
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00684966

, Hum Reprod, vol.21, issue.6, pp.1564-1575, 2006.

J. C. Young, TCam-2 seminoma cell line exhibits characteristic foetal germ cell responses to 680 TGF-beta ligands and retinoic acid, Int. J. Androl, vol.34, issue.4pt2, pp.204-217, 2011.

R. Uraki, Zika virus causes testicular atrophy, Sci. Adv, vol.3, issue.2, p.1602899, 2017.

Y. Xia, W. J. Zhu, S. F. Hao, W. B. Liang, and J. Li, Stereological analysis of age-related changes of 683 testicular peritubular cells in men, Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr, vol.55, issue.1, pp.116-119, 2012.

, Andrology. Verlag, 2010.

C. L. Robinson, Male germ cells support long-term propagation of Zika virus, Nat. Commun, vol.686, issue.1, p.30, 2018.

J. M. Mansuy, Zika virus in semen and spermatozoa, Lancet Infect. Dis, vol.16, issue.10, pp.1106-688, 2016.

D. N. Siemann, D. P. Strange, P. N. Maharaj, P. Shi, and S. Verma, Zika Virus Infects Human Sertoli 690 Cells and Modulates the Integrity of the In Vitro Blood-Testis Barrier Model, J. Virol, vol.691, issue.22, pp.623-640, 2017.

A. Kumar, Human Sertoli cells support high levels of Zika virus replication and persistence

, Sci. Rep, vol.8, issue.1, p.5477, 2018.

D. M. Kristensen, Ibuprofen alters human testicular physiology to produce a state of 695 compensated hypogonadism, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.115, issue.4, pp.715-724, 2018.

D. A. Adamopoulos, D. M. Lawrence, P. Vassilopoulos, P. A. Contoyiannis, and G. I. Swyer, Pituitary697 testicular interrelationships in mumps orchitis and other viral infections, Br-Med-J, vol.698, issue.6121, pp.1177-1447, 1978.

S. J. Potter and T. Defalco, Role of the testis interstitial compartment in spermatogonial stem cell 700 function, Reproduction, vol.153, issue.4, pp.151-162, 2017.

C. Y. Cheng, E. W. Wong, H. H. Yan, and D. D. Mruk, Regulation of spermatogenesis in the 702 microenvironment of the seminiferous epithelium: new insights and advances, Mol Cell Endocrinol, vol.703, issue.1-2, pp.49-56, 2010.

A. Mayerhofer, Human testicular peritubular cells: more than meets the eye, Reproduction, vol.705, issue.5, pp.107-116, 2013.

R. Huits, Zika virus in semen: a prospective cohort study of symptomatic travellers 707 returning to Belgium, Bull. World Health Organ, vol.95, issue.12, pp.802-809, 2017.

M. Sergerie, R. Mieusset, F. Croute, M. Daudin, and L. Bujan, High risk of temporary alteration of 709 semen parameters after recent acute febrile illness, Fertil. Steril, vol.88, issue.4, pp.970-971, 2007.

D. P. Evenson, L. K. Jost, M. Corzett, and R. Balhorn, Characteristics of human sperm chromatin 711 structure following an episode of influenza and high fever: a case study, J. Androl, vol.21, issue.5, pp.739-712, 2000.

K. M. Quicke, Zika Virus Infects Human Placental Macrophages, Cell Host Microbe, vol.714, issue.1, pp.83-90, 2016.

M. C. Mladinich, J. Schwedes, and E. R. Mackow, Zika Virus Persistently Infects and Is Basolaterally 716 Released from Primary Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells, MBio, vol.8, issue.4, pp.952-969, 2017.

D. P. Strange, R. Green, D. N. Siemann, M. Gale, and S. Verma, Immunoprofiles of human Sertoli cells 718 infected with Zika virus reveals unique insights into host-pathogen crosstalk, Sci. Rep, vol.719, issue.1, p.8702, 2018.

D. P. Strange, Human testicular organoid system as a novel tool to study Zika virus 721 pathogenesis, Emerg. Microbes Infect, vol.7, issue.1, p.82, 2018.

P. K. Singh, Zika virus infects cells lining the blood-retinal barrier and causes chorioretinal 723 atrophy in mouse eyes, JCI insight, vol.2, issue.4, p.92340, 2017.

K. H. Hoek, Viperin is an important host restriction factor in control of Zika virus 725 infection, Sci. Rep, vol.7, issue.1, p.4475, 2017.

G. Savidis, The IFITMs Inhibit Zika Virus Replication, Cell Rep, vol.15, issue.11, pp.2323-2330, 2016.

A. A. Perelygin, Positional cloning of the murine flavivirus resistance gene, Proc. Natl

. Acad and . Sci, , vol.99, pp.9322-9327, 2002.

J. Chen, Outcomes of Congenital Zika Disease Depend on Timing of Infection and 730 Maternal-Fetal Interferon Action, Cell Rep, vol.21, issue.6, pp.1588-1599, 2017.

J. W. Schoggins, A diverse range of gene products are effectors of the type I interferon 732 antiviral response, Nature, vol.472, issue.7344, pp.481-485, 2011.

A. E. Ngono and S. Shresta, Immune Response to Dengue and Zika, Annu. Rev. Immunol, vol.734, issue.1, 2018.

H. Xia, An evolutionary NS1 mutation enhances Zika virus evasion of host interferon 736 induction, Nat. Commun, vol.9, issue.1, p.414, 2018.

A. P. Satie, Excess type I interferon signaling in the mouse seminiferous tubules leads to 738 31 germ cell loss and sterility, J Biol Chem, vol.286, issue.26, pp.23280-23295, 2011.

M. Hasan, Trex1 regulates lysosomal biogenesis and interferon-independent activation of 740 antiviral genes, Nat. Immunol, vol.14, issue.1, pp.61-71, 2012.

Z. Sheng, Sertoli Cells Are Susceptible to ZIKV Infection in Mouse Testis, Front. Cell

, Infect. Microbiol, vol.7, p.272, 2017.

J. Chan, Zika Virus Infection in Dexamethasone-immunosuppressed Mice

, Demonstrating Disseminated Infection with Multi-organ Involvement Including Orchitis Effectively 745 Treated by Recombinant Type I Interferons, EBioMedicine, vol.14, pp.112-122, 2016.

C. W. Winkler, Adaptive Immune Responses to Zika Virus Are Important for Controlling 747

, Virus Infection and Preventing Infection in Brain and Testes, J. Immunol, vol.198, issue.9, pp.3526-3535, 2017.

N. Dejucq, M. O. Lienard, G. E. Dorval, I. Jegou, and B. , Expression of interferons-alpha and749 gamma in testicular interstitial tissue and spermatogonia of the rat, Endocrinology, vol.750, issue.7, pp.3081-3087, 1998.

L. Tortorec and A. , Antiviral responses of human Leydig cells to mumps virus infection or poly 752 I:C stimulation, Hum Reprod, vol.23, issue.9, pp.2095-2103, 2008.

N. Dejucq, M. O. Lienard, and B. Jegou, Interferons and interferon-induced antiviral proteins in the 754 testis, J Reprod Immunol, vol.41, issue.1-2, pp.291-300, 1998.

N. Dejucq, S. Chousterman, and B. Jegou, The testicular antiviral defense system: localization, 756 expression, and regulation of 2'5' oligoadenylate synthetase, double-stranded RNA-activated 757 protein kinase, and Mx proteins in the rat seminiferous tubule, J Cell Biol, vol.139, issue.4, pp.865-873, 1997.

E. Lalle, Prolonged detection of dengue virus RNA in the semen of a man returning from 759 Thailand to Italy, Eurosurveillance, vol.23, issue.18, 2018.

C. M. Barbosa, Yellow Fever Virus DNA in Urine and Semen of Convalescent Patient, p.762

, Brazil. Emerg. Infect. Dis, vol.24, issue.1, pp.176-178, 2018.

A. C. Bandeira, Prolonged shedding of Chikungunya virus in semen and urine: A new 764 perspective for diagnosis and implications for transmission, IDCases, vol.6, pp.100-103, 2016.

H. B. Armah, Systemic distribution of West Nile virus infection: postmortem 766 immunohistochemical study of six cases, Brain Pathol, vol.17, issue.4, pp.354-62, 2007.

B. Guérin and N. Pozzi, Viruses in boar semen: detection and clinical as well as epidemiological 768 consequences regarding disease transmission by artificial insemination, Theriogenology, vol.769, issue.2, pp.556-72, 2005.

L. Stassen, C. Armitage, D. Van-der-heide, K. Beagley, and F. Frentiu, Zika Virus in the Male 771 Reproductive Tract, Viruses, vol.10, issue.4, p.198, 2018.

J. L. Spencer, Replication of Zika Virus in Human Prostate Cells: A Potential Source of 773

, Sexually Transmitted Virus. J. Infect. Dis, vol.217, issue.4, pp.538-547, 2018.

L. Houzet, Seminal SIV in chronically-infected cynomolgus macaques is dominated by 775 virus originating from multiple genital organs, J. Virol, pp.133-151, 2018.

Y. Mizuno, A. Gotoh, S. Kamidono, and S. Kitazawa, Establishment and characterization of a new 777 human testicular germ cell tumor cell line

N. Hinyokika and G. Zasshi, , vol.778, pp.1211-1219, 1993.

H. Sadri-ardekani, Propagation of Human Spermatogonial Stem Cells In Vitro, JAMA, vol.780, p.2127, 2009.

U. Müller, Functional role of type I and type II interferons in antiviral defense, Science, vol.782, issue.5167, pp.1918-1939, 1994.

R. S. Lanciotti, Genetic and Serologic Properties of Zika Virus Associated with an Epidemic, p.784

, Yap State, Micronesia, Emerg. Infect. Dis, vol.14, issue.8, pp.1232-1239, 2007.

J. Ye, Primer-BLAST: A tool to design target-specific primers for polymerase chain 786 reaction, BMC Bioinformatics, vol.13, issue.1, p.134, 2012.

F. Wang, RNAscope: a novel in situ RNA analysis platform for formalin-fixed, paraffin788 embedded tissues, J. Mol. Diagnostics, vol.14, issue.1, pp.22-29, 2012.

C. Deleage, Defining HIV and SIV Reservoirs in Lymphoid Tissues, Pathog. Immun, vol.790, issue.1, pp.68-106, 2016.

C. Deleage, C. N. Chan, K. Busman-sahay, and J. D. Estes, Next-generation in situ hybridization 792 approaches to define and quantify HIV and SIV reservoirs in tissue microenvironments, Retrovirology, vol.15, issue.1, p.4, 2018.

G. Matusali, Detection of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in Semen, p.795
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01139816

, Reproductive Organs during Efficient Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, J Virol, vol.796, issue.11, pp.5772-5787, 2015.

V. Roulet, Susceptibility of human testis to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection in 798 situ and in vitro, Am J Pathol, vol.169, issue.6, pp.2094-2103, 2006.