M. Anton, A. Wolf, and O. Mykhaylyk, Optimizing Adenoviral Transduction of Endothelial Cells under Flow Conditions, Pharmaceutical Research, vol.19, issue.5, pp.1219-1231, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/adma.200701952

T. Axelrad and T. Einhorn, Bone morphogenetic proteins in orthopaedic surgery, Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, vol.20, issue.5-6, pp.5-6, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.10.003

C. Bahney, D. Hu, and A. Taylor, Stem Cell-Derived Endochondral Cartilage Stimulates Bone Healing by Tissue Transformation, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.9, issue.1, pp.1269-1282, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.08.008

A. Baltzer, C. Lattermann, and J. Whalen, Genetic enhancement of fracture repair: healing of an experimental segmental defect by adenoviral transfer of the BMP-2 gene, Gene Therapy, vol.21, issue.9, pp.734-739, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S8756-3282(97)00075-6

A. Baltzer, J. Whalen, and M. Stefanovic-racic, Adenoviral transduction of human osteoblastic cell cultures: A new perspective for gene therapy of bone diseases, Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, vol.26, issue.1, pp.419-424, 1999.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.164.1.104

A. Barradas, H. Yuan, and C. Van-blitterswijk, Osteoinductive biomaterials: current knowledge of properties, experimental models and biological mechanisms, European Cells and Materials, vol.21, issue.429, pp.407-429, 2011.
DOI : 10.22203/eCM.v021a31

O. Betz, V. Betz, and A. Nazarian, Direct Percutaneous Gene Delivery to Enhance Healing of Segmental Bone Defects, The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.88, issue.2, pp.355-365, 2006.
DOI : 10.2106/JBJS.E.00464

G. Bianchi, A. Banfi, and M. Mastrogiacomo, Ex vivo enrichment of mesenchymal cell progenitors by fibroblast growth factor 2, Experimental Cell Research, vol.287, issue.1, pp.98-105, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00138-1

A. Breen, P. Dockery, O. Brien, and T. , Fibrin scaffold promotes adenoviral gene transfer and controlled vector delivery, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, vol.5, issue.4, Part 1, pp.876-884, 2009.
DOI : 10.1113/expphysiol.1991.sp003533

H. Burchardt, Biology of bone transplantation, Orthop Clin North Am, vol.18, issue.2, pp.187-196, 1987.

E. Carragee, E. Hurwitz, and B. Weiner, A critical review of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 trials in spinal surgery: emerging safety concerns and lessons learned, The Spine Journal, vol.11, issue.6, pp.471-491, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.spinee.2011.04.023

L. Carreon, S. Glassman, and M. Djurasovic, RhBMP-2 Versus Iliac Crest Bone Graft for Lumbar Spine Fusion in Patients Over 60 Years of Age, Spine, vol.34, issue.3, pp.238-243, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31818ffabe

C. Cawthorne, R. Swindell, and I. Stratford, Comparison of doxycycline delivery methods for Tetinducible gene expression in a subcutaneous xenograft model, J Biomol Tech, vol.18, issue.2, pp.120-123, 2007.

T. Cho, L. Gerstenfeld, and T. Einhorn, Differential Temporal Expression of Members of the Transforming Growth Factor ?? Superfamily During Murine Fracture Healing, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.355, issue.3, pp.513-520, 2002.
DOI : 10.1177/002215540004800209

M. Deckers, R. Van-bezooijen, and G. Van-der-horst, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins Stimulate Angiogenesis through Osteoblast-Derived Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Endocrinology, vol.143, issue.4, pp.1545-1553, 2002.
DOI : 10.1210/endo.143.4.8719

M. Egermann, A. Baltzer, and S. Adamaszek, Direct Adenoviral Transfer of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 cDNA Enhances Fracture Healing in Osteoporotic Sheep, Human Gene Therapy, vol.17, issue.5, pp.507-517, 2006.
DOI : 10.1089/hum.2006.17.507

C. Evans, Gene delivery to bone, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol.64, issue.12, pp.1331-1340, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.addr.2012.03.013

J. Fiorellini, T. Howell, and D. Cochran, Randomized Study Evaluating Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 for Extraction Socket Augmentation, Journal of Periodontology, vol.83, issue.4, pp.605-613, 2005.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.1998.69.9.1044

, Doxycycline inducible BMP-2 delivery to bone e117 Copyright © 2016, pp.106-118, 2018.

A. Goel, S. Sangwan, and R. Siwach, Percutaneous bone marrow grafting for the treatment of tibial non-union, Injury, vol.36, issue.1, pp.203-206, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.injury.2004.01.009

M. Gossen, S. Freundlieb, and G. Bender, Transcriptional activation by tetracyclines in mammalian cells, Science, vol.268, issue.5218, pp.1766-1769, 1995.
DOI : 10.1126/science.7792603

E. Goyenvalle, E. Aguado, and P. Pilet, Biofunctionality of MBCP ceramic granules (TricOs???) plus fibrin sealant (Tisseel??) versus MBCP ceramic granules as a filler of large periprosthetic bone defects: an investigative ovine study, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, vol.54, issue.3, pp.1949-1958, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/S1010-5182(89)80019-8

F. Graham and A. Van-der-eb, A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA, Virology, vol.52, issue.2, pp.456-467, 1973.
DOI : 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90341-3

S. Herberg, G. Kondrikova, and K. Hussein, Mesenchymal stem cell expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1?? augments bone formation in a model of local regenerative therapy, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol.27, issue.2, pp.174-184, 2015.
DOI : 10.1002/jbmr.1505

S. Hodges, J. Eck, and D. Newton, Retrospective Study of Posterior Cervical Fusions With rhBMP-2, Orthopedics, vol.35, issue.6, pp.895-898, 2012.
DOI : 10.3928/01477447-20120525-30

URL : https://www.healio.com/orthopedics/journals/ortho/2012-6-35-6/{dd30a4ee-0cbb-4e2f-a60c-5e383af80e8b}/retrospective-study-of-posterior-cervical-fusions-with-rhbmp-2.pdf

Y. Homma, G. Zimmermann, and P. Hernigou, Cellular therapies for the treatment of non-union: The past, present and future, Injury, vol.44, pp.46-49, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-1383(13)70011-1

J. Homminga, R. Huiskes, and B. Van-rietbergen, Introduction and evaluation of a gray-value voxel conversion technique, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.34, issue.4, pp.513-517, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(00)00227-X

E. Horwitz, P. Gordon, and W. Koo, Isolated allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells engraft and stimulate growth in children with osteogenesis imperfecta: Implications for cell therapy of bone, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.27, issue.11, pp.99-8932, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0301-472X(99)00101-0

W. Hsu, O. Sugiyama, and S. Park, Lentiviral-mediated BMP-2 gene transfer enhances healing of segmental femoral defects in rats, Bone, vol.40, issue.4, pp.931-938, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bone.2006.10.030

W. Hu, Z. Wang, and S. Hollister, Localized viral vector delivery to enhance in situ regenerative gene therapy, Gene Therapy, vol.18, issue.11, pp.891-901, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/jbm.a.30735

URL : http://www.nature.com/gt/journal/v14/n11/pdf/3302940a.pdf

H. Ito, M. Koefoed, and P. Tiyapatanaputi, Remodeling of cortical bone allografts mediated by adherent rAAV-RANKL and VEGF gene therapy, Nature Medicine, vol.81, issue.Suppl 1, pp.291-297, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/labinvest.3780207

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1364464?pdf=render

F. Jegoux, E. Goyenvalle, and D. Bagot, In vivo biological performance of composites combining micro-macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate granules and fibrin sealant, Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, vol.18, issue.3, pp.153-159, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S1010-5182(89)80019-8

J. Jukes, S. Both, and A. Leusink, Endochondral bone tissue engineering using embryonic stem cells, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.284, issue.2, pp.6840-6845, 2008.
DOI : 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4898

URL : http://www.pnas.org/content/105/19/6840.full.pdf

Y. Katayama, Y. Matsuyama, and H. Yoshihara, Clinical and radiographic outcomes of posterolateral lumbar spine fusion in humans using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2: an average five-year follow-up study, International Orthopaedics, vol.242, issue.Suppl 2, pp.1061-1067, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/00002517-199604000-00007

T. Kitaori, H. Ito, and E. Schwarz, Stromal cell-derived factor 1/CXCR4 signaling is critical for the recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells to the fracture site during skeletal repair in a mouse model, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.95, issue.3, pp.813-823, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/1476-4598-3-29

P. Kolar, K. Schmidt-bleek, and H. Schell, The Early Fracture Hematoma and Its Potential Role in Fracture Healing, Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews, vol.16, issue.4, pp.427-434, 2010.
DOI : 10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0687

E. Kon, G. Filardo, and A. Roffi, Bone regeneration with mesenchymal stem cells, Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab, vol.9, issue.1, pp.24-27, 2012.

T. Kon, T. Cho, and T. Aizawa, Expression of Osteoprotegerin, Receptor Activator of NF-??B Ligand (Osteoprotegerin Ligand) and Related Proinflammatory Cytokines During Fracture Healing, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.142, issue.6, pp.1004-1014, 2001.
DOI : 10.3181/00379727-200-43410A

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.6.1004/pdf

I. Konnecke, A. Serra, and T. Khassawna, T and B cells participate in bone repair by infiltrating the fracture callus in a two-wave fashion, Bone, vol.64, pp.155-165, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bone.2014.03.052

K. Kusumoto, K. Bessho, and K. Fujimura, Prefabricated muscle flap including bone induced by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2: an experimental study of ectopic osteoinduction in a rat latissimus dorsi muscle flap, British Journal of Plastic Surgery, vol.51, issue.4, pp.275-280, 1998.
DOI : 10.1054/bjps.1998.0008

L. Nihouannen, D. Saffarzadeh, A. Gauthier, and O. , Bone tissue formation in sheep muscles induced by a biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic and fibrin glue composite, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, vol.22, issue.Suppl 1, pp.667-675, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S1010-5182(02)00143-9

D. Lubelski, K. Abdullah, and M. Steinmetz, Adverse Events With the Use of rhBMP-2 in Thoracolumbar and Lumbar Spine Fusions, Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques, vol.28, issue.5, pp.277-283, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/BSD.0b013e318287f2e2

H. Luu, W. Song, and X. Luo, Distinct roles of bone morphogenetic proteins in osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol.26, issue.5, pp.665-677, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/jor.20359

M. Marcacci, E. Kon, and V. Moukhachev, Stem Cells Associated with Macroporous Bioceramics for Long Bone Repair: 6- to 7-Year Outcome of a Pilot Clinical Study, Tissue Engineering, vol.13, issue.5, pp.947-955, 2007.
DOI : 10.1089/ten.2006.0271

I. Martin, A. Muraglia, and G. Campanile, Endocrinology, vol.138, issue.10, pp.4456-4462, 1997.
DOI : 10.1210/endo.138.10.5425

J. Matrai, M. Chuah, and T. Vandendriessche, Recent Advances in Lentiviral Vector Development and Applications, Molecular Therapy, vol.18, issue.3, pp.477-490, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/mt.2009.319

A. Mehrkens, F. Saxer, and S. Guven, Intraoperative engineering of osteogenic grafts combining freshly harvested, human adipose-derived cells and physiological doses of bone morphogenetic protein-2, European Cells and Materials, vol.24, 2012.
DOI : 10.22203/eCM.v024a22

, Eur Cell Mater, vol.24, pp.308-319

A. Mesfin, J. Buchowski, and L. Zebala, High-Dose rhBMP-2 for Adults: Major and Minor Complications, The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume, vol.95, issue.17, pp.1546-1553, 2013.
DOI : 10.2106/JBJS.L.01730

I. Moutsatsos, G. Turgeman, and S. Zhou, Exogenously Regulated Stem Cell-Mediated Gene Therapy for Bone Regeneration, Molecular Therapy, vol.3, issue.4, pp.449-461, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/mthe.2001.0291

URL : https://doi.org/10.1006/mthe.2001.0291

T. Nasu, H. Ito, and R. Tsutsumi, Biological activation of bone-related biomaterials by recombinant adeno-associated virus vector, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol.90, issue.9, pp.1162-1168, 2009.
DOI : 10.1080/17453690610046512

A. Neumann, J. Schroeder, and M. Alini, Enhanced Adenovirus Transduction of hMSCs Using 3D Hydrogel Cell Carriers, Molecular Biotechnology, vol.1, issue.Suppl 1, pp.207-216, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s13346-010-0011-1

R. Nishimura, Y. Kato, and D. Chen, Smad5 and DPC4 Are Key Molecules in Mediating BMP-2-induced Osteoblastic Differentiation of the Pluripotent Mesenchymal Precursor Cell Line C2C12, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.13, issue.4, pp.1872-1879, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.3201241

J. Overman, E. Farre-guasch, and M. Helder, Tissue Engineering Part A, vol.19, issue.3-4, pp.3-4, 2013.
DOI : 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0133

H. Pape, R. Marcucio, and C. Humphrey, Trauma-Induced Inflammation and Fracture Healing, Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, vol.24, issue.9, pp.522-525, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181ed1361

V. Paralkar, R. Hammonds, and A. Reddi, Identification and characterization of cellular binding proteins (receptors) for recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2B, an initiator of bone differentiation cascade., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.88, issue.8, 1991.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.88.8.3397

, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.88, issue.8, pp.3397-3401

M. Pensak, S. Hong, and A. Dukas, The role of transduced bone marrow cells overexpressing BMP-2 in healing critical-sized defects in a mouse femur, Gene Therapy, vol.9, issue.6, pp.467-475, 2015.
DOI : 10.1109/TSMC.1979.4310076

L. Poser, R. Matthys, and P. Schawalder, A Standardized Critical Size Defect Model in Normal and Osteoporotic Rats to Evaluate Bone Tissue Engineered Constructs, BioMed Research International, vol.58, issue.5, p.348635, 2014.
DOI : 10.1186/1472-6750-13-65

URL : http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/348635.pdf

R. Quarto, M. Mastrogiacomo, and R. Cancedda, Repair of Large Bone Defects with the Use of Autologous Bone Marrow Stromal Cells, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.344, issue.5, pp.385-386, 2001.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM200102013440516

M. Raida, A. Heymann, and C. Gunther, Role of bone morphogenetic protein 2 in the crosstalk between endothelial progenitor cells and mesenchymal stem cells, International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2006.
DOI : 10.3892/ijmm.18.4.735

, Int J Mol Med, vol.18, issue.4, pp.735-739

A. Reddi and N. Cunningham, Initiation and promotion of bone differentiation by bone morphogenetic proteins, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.90, issue.S2, pp.499-502, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/S0174-173X(81)80021-0

S. Reppenhagen, J. Reichert, and L. Rackwitz, Biphasic bone substitute and fibrin sealant for treatment of benign bone tumours and tumour-like lesions, International Orthopaedics, vol.75, issue.1, pp.139-148, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fcl.2005.06.004

U. Ripamonti, The induction of bone in osteogenic composites of bone matrix and porous hydroxyapatite replicas: An experimental study on the baboon (Papio ursinus), Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, vol.49, issue.8, pp.817-830, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0278-2391(91)90010-J

K. Ruschke, C. Hiepen, and J. Becker, BMPs are mediators in tissue crosstalk of the regenerating musculoskeletal system, Cell and Tissue Research, vol.11, issue.Suppl 1, pp.521-544, 2012.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.11.17.2191

A. Saffarzadeh, O. Gauthier, and M. Bilban, ) with an autograft in sinus lift surgery in sheep, Clinical Oral Implants Research, vol.216, issue.10, pp.1133-1139, 2009.
DOI : 10.1177/000348949210100808

C. Scotti, B. Tonnarelli, and A. Papadimitropoulos, Recapitulation of endochondral bone formation using human adult mesenchymal stem cells as a paradigm for developmental engineering, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.31, issue.17, pp.7251-7256, 2010.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.023788

P. Slosar, J. R. , and R. J. , Accelerating lumbar fusions by combining rhBMP-2 with allograft bone: a prospective analysis of interbody fusion rates and clinical outcomes, The Spine Journal, vol.7, issue.3, pp.301-307, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.spinee.2006.10.015

L. Solchaga, K. Penick, and J. Porter, FGF-2 enhances the mitotic and chondrogenic potentials of human adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol.19, issue.2, pp.398-409, 2005.
DOI : 10.1242/jcs.1988.Supplement_10.5

L. Southwood, D. Frisbie, and C. Kawcak, Evaluation of Ad-BMP-2 for enhancing fracture healing in an infected defect fracture rabbit model, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol.19, issue.1, pp.66-72, 2004.
DOI : 10.1089/10445490050021186

L. Tirkkonen, S. Haimi, and S. Huttunen, Osteogenic medium is superior to growth factors in differentiation of human adipose stem cells towards bone-forming cells in 3D culture, European Cells and Materials, vol.25, pp.144-158, 2013.
DOI : 10.22203/eCM.v025a10

E. Vogelin, N. Jones, and J. Huang, Healing of a critical-sized defect in the rat femur with use of a vascularized periosteal flap, a biodegradable matrix, and bone morphogenetic protein, J Bone Joint Surg Am, vol.87, issue.6, pp.1323-1331, 2005.

N. Wang, L. Verna, and S. Hardy, Adenovirus-Mediated Overexpression of c-Jun and c-Fos Induces Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Human Endothelial Cells, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol.19, issue.9, pp.2078-2084, 1999.
DOI : 10.1161/01.ATV.19.9.2078

Q. Wang, C. Huang, and M. Xue, Expression of endogenous BMP-2 in periosteal progenitor cells is essential for bone healing, Bone, vol.48, issue.3, pp.524-532, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bone.2010.10.178

P. Weiss, P. Layrolle, and L. Clergeau, The safety and efficacy of an injectable bone substitute in dental sockets demonstrated in a human clinical trial, Biomaterials, vol.28, issue.22, pp.3295-3305, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.04.006

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00166069

H. Yamasaki and H. Sakai, Osteogenic response to porous hydroxyapatite ceramics under the skin of dogs, Biomaterials, vol.13, issue.5, pp.308-312, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0142-9612(92)90054-R

Z. Yang, H. Yuan, and W. Tong, Osteogenesis in extraskeletally implanted porous calcium phosphate ceramics: variability among different kinds of animals, Biomaterials, vol.17, issue.22, pp.2131-2137, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0142-9612(96)00044-0

K. Yoshida, K. Bessho, and K. Fujimura, Osteoinduction capability of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in intramuscular and subcutaneous sites: an experimental study, Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, vol.26, issue.2, pp.112-115, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S1010-5182(98)80050-4

H. Yuan, M. Van-den-doel, and S. Li, A comparison of the osteoinductive potential of two calcium phosphate ceramics implanted intramuscularly in goats, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, vol.13, issue.12, pp.1271-1275, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1021191432366

, Supporting information Additional Supporting Information may be found online in the supporting information tab for this article

S. Figure, Radiograph grading score for bone defect healing as determined by two blinded, independent assessors. Grades for (i) defect tissue/material structure and (ii) bridging were combined to give a final combined radiograph score

S. Figure, Semi-quantitation of bone formation was performed by taking (A) the total defect area and applying thresholding parameters to (B) create a mask of new callus using Adobe Photoshop CS5