M. Kempf and J. Rolain, Emergence of resistance to carbapenems in Acinetobacter baumannii in Europe: clinical impact and therapeutic options, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, vol.39, issue.2, pp.105-119, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.10.004

M. Mcconnell, L. Actis, and J. Pachó-n, : human infections, factors contributing to pathogenesis and animal models, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol.43, issue.Suppl 3, pp.130-55, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s10534-008-9202-3

T. Reddy, T. Chopra, D. Marchaim, J. Pogue, G. Alangaden et al., Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates from a Metropolitan Detroit Health System, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.54, issue.5, pp.2235-2243, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.01665-09

A. Magiorakos, A. Srinivasan, R. Carey, Y. Carmeli, M. Falagas et al., Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol.18, issue.3, pp.268-81, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x
URL : https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x

F. Imperi, L. Antunes, J. Blom, L. Villa, M. Iacono et al., The genomics of Acinetobacter baumannii: Insights into genome plasticity, antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity, IUBMB Life, vol.6, issue.12, pp.1068-74, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/nrmicro1900
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iub.531/pdf

A. Potron, L. Poirel, and P. Nordmann, Emerging broad-spectrum resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii : Mechanisms and epidemiology, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, vol.45, issue.6, pp.568-85, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.03.001
URL : http://doc.rero.ch/record/257272/files/nor_ebs.pdf

K. Chamoun, M. Farah, G. Araj, Z. Daoud, R. Moghnieh et al., Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Lebanese hospitals: retrospective nationwide compiled data, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.46, pp.64-70, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.03.010
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2016.03.010

R. Zarrilli, S. Pournaras, M. Giannouli, and A. Tsakris, Global evolution of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clonal lineages, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, vol.41, issue.1, pp.11-20, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.09.008

J. Ying, J. Lu, L. Zong, A. Li, R. Pan et al., Molecular Epidemiology and Characterization of Genotypes of <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> Isolates from Regions of South China, Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.69, issue.3, pp.180-185, 2015.
DOI : 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2014.544

R. Rafei, M. Kempf, M. Eveillard, F. Dabboussi, M. Hamze et al., Future Microbiology, vol.32, issue.7, pp.1179-94, 2014.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.01811-12

L. Diancourt, V. Passet, A. Nemec, L. Dijkshoorn, and S. Brisse, The Population Structure of Acinetobacter baumannii: Expanding Multiresistant Clones from an Ancestral Susceptible Genetic Pool, PLoS ONE, vol.175, issue.4, p.10034, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0010034.s003

R. Rafei, F. Dabboussi, M. Hamze, M. Eveillard, C. Lemarié et al., Molecular Analysis of Acinetobacter baumannii Strains Isolated in Lebanon Using Four Different Typing Methods, PLoS ONE, vol.13, issue.12, p.115969, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0115969.t003

R. Rafei, H. Pailhoriè-s, M. Hamze, M. Eveillard, H. Mallat et al., Molecular epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumannii in different hospitals in Tripoli, Lebanon using bla OXA-51-like sequence based typing, BMC Microbiology, vol.13, issue.1, p.103, 2015.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01825.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01817955

V. Gogou, S. Pournaras, M. Giannouli, E. Voulgari, E. Piperaki et al., Evolution of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clonal lineages: a 10 year study in Greece (2000-09), Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.53, issue.2, pp.2767-72, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/cid/cir323

G. Talbot, J. Bradley, J. Edwards, D. Gilbert, M. Scheld et al., Bad Bugs Need Drugs: An Update on the Development Pipeline from the Antimicrobial Availability Task Force of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.24, issue.5, pp.657-68, 2006.
DOI : 10.1086/502218

L. Maragakis, M. Tucker, R. Miller, K. Carroll, and T. Perl, Incidence and Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant <emph type="ital">Acinetobacter</emph> Using Targeted Active Surveillance Cultures, JAMA, vol.299, issue.21, pp.2513-2517, 2008.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.299.21.2513

H. Boucher, G. Talbot, J. Bradley, J. Edwards, D. Gilbert et al., Bad Bugs, No Drugs: No ESKAPE! An Update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.39, issue.1, pp.1-12, 2009.
DOI : 10.1086/591389

M. Dizbay, O. Tunccan, B. Sezer, and K. Hizel, Nosocomial imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections: Epidemiology and risk factors, Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.52, issue.2, pp.741-747, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.05.002

Y. Doi, S. Husain, B. Potoski, K. Mccurry, and D. Paterson, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.15, issue.6, pp.980-982, 2009.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1506.081006

G. Metan, F. Sariguzel, and B. Sumerkan, Factors influencing survival in patients with multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter bacteraemia, European Journal of Internal Medicine, vol.20, issue.5, pp.540-544, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejim.2009.05.005

A. Al-sultan, B. Evans, E. Aboulmagd, A. Qahtani, M. Bohol et al., Dissemination of multiple carbapenem-resistant clones of Acinetobacter baumannii in the Eastern District of Saudi Arabia, Frontiers in Microbiology, vol.6, p.634, 2015.
DOI : 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00634

L. Principe, A. Piazza, T. Giani, S. Bracco, M. Caltagirone et al., Epidemic Diffusion of OXA-23-Producing Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates in Italy: Results of the First Cross-Sectional Countrywide Survey, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.52, issue.8, pp.3004-3014, 2014.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.00291-14

A. Kallen and A. Srinivasan, Current Epidemiology of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli in the United States, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, vol.13, issue.S1, pp.51-55, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01194.x

D. Hammoudi, C. Moubareck, N. Hakime, M. Houmani, A. Barakat et al., Spread of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii co-expressing OXA-23 and GES-11 carbapenemases in Lebanon, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.36, pp.56-61, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.05.015
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2015.05.015

T. Luo, A. Rickard, U. Srinivasan, K. Kaye, and B. Foxman, Association of blaOXA-23 and bap with the persistence of Acinetobacter baumannii within a major healthcare system, Frontiers in Microbiology, vol.44, issue.12, p.182, 2015.
DOI : 10.1099/00222615-44-6-482

M. Fouad, A. Attia, W. Tawakkol, and A. Hashem, Emergence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii harboring the OXA-23 carbapenemase in intensive care units of Egyptian hospitals, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.17, issue.12, pp.1252-1256, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.07.012

H. Zowawi, A. Sartor, H. Sidjabat, H. Balkhy, T. Walsh et al., Molecular Epidemiology of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates in the Gulf Cooperation Council States: Dominance of OXA-23-Type Producers, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.53, issue.3, pp.896-903, 2015.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.02784-14

M. Merino, M. Poza, I. Roca, M. Barba, M. Sousa et al., Expressing OXA-23 Carbapenemase in Spain, Microbial Drug Resistance, vol.20, issue.4, pp.259-63, 2014.
DOI : 10.1089/mdr.2013.0127

H. Salimizand, N. Noori, Z. Meshkat, K. Ghazvini, and S. Amel, Prevalence of Acinetobacter baumannii harboring ISAba1/blaOXA-23-like family in a burn center, Burns, vol.41, issue.5, pp.1100-1106, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.burns.2014.12.008

R. Rafei, F. Dabboussi, M. Hamze, M. Eveillard, C. Lemarié et al., First report of blaNDM-1-producing Acinetobacter baumannii isolated in Lebanon from civilians wounded during the Syrian war, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.21, pp.21-24, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.01.004

A. Atrouni, A. Joly-guillou, M. Hamze, M. Kempf, and M. , Emergence of NDM-1 and OXA-72 producing Acinetobacter pittii clinical isolates in Lebanon, New Microbes and New Infections, vol.12, pp.43-47, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.nmni.2016.04.005

N. Karah, A. Sundsfjord, K. Towner, and Ø. Samuelsen, Insights into the global molecular epidemiology of carbapenem non-susceptible clones of Acinetobacter baumannii, Drug Resistance Updates, vol.15, issue.4, pp.237-284, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.drup.2012.06.001

C. Huber, A. Sartor, F. Mcodimba, R. Shah, P. Shivachi et al., Outbreaks of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains in a Kenyan teaching hospital, Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, vol.2, issue.3, pp.190-193, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jgar.2014.03.007
URL : http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:339031/UQ339031OA.pdf

M. Giannouli, L. Antunes, V. Marchetti, M. Triassi, P. Visca et al., Virulence-related traits of epidemic Acinetobacter baumannii strains belonging to the international clonal lineages I-III and to the emerging genotypes ST25 and ST78, BMC Infectious Diseases, vol.80, issue.1, p.282, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhin.2011.08.013

P. Villaló-n, S. Valdezate, M. Medina-pascual, V. Rubio, A. Vindel et al., Clonal Diversity of Nosocomial Epidemic Acinetobacter baumannii Strains Isolated in Spain, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.49, issue.3, pp.875-82, 2011.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.01026-10

J. Decousser, C. Jansen, P. Nordmann, A. Emirian, R. Bonnin et al., Outbreak of NDM-1-producing Acinetobacter baumannii in France, January to May 2013, Eurosurveillance, vol.18, issue.31, p.20547, 2013.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1905.121618
URL : https://www.eurosurveillance.org/deliver/fulltext/eurosurveillance/18/31/art20547-en.pdf?itemId=/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2013.18.31.20547&mimeType=pdf&containerItemId=content/eurosurveillance

F. Heydari, C. Mammina, and F. Koksal, NDM-1-producing Acinetobacter baumannii ST85 now in Turkey, including one isolate from a Syrian refugee, Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol.18, issue.9, pp.1027-1036, 2015.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00774-09
URL : http://jmm.microbiologyresearch.org/deliver/fulltext/jmm/64/9/1027_jmm000132.pdf?itemId=/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.000132&mimeType=pdf&isFastTrackArticle=

M. Wright, D. Haft, D. Harkins, F. Perez, K. Hujer et al., New Insights into Dissemination and Variation of the Health Care-Associated Pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii from Genomic Analysis, mBio, vol.5, issue.1, pp.963-00913, 2014.
DOI : 10.1128/mBio.00963-13
URL : http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/1/e00963-13.full.pdf

S. El-shazly, A. Dashti, L. Vali, M. Bolaris, and A. Ibrahim, Molecular epidemiology and characterization of multiple drug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.41, pp.42-51, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.10.016
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2015.10.016

O. Shea and M. , Acinetobacter in modern warfare, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, vol.39, issue.5, pp.363-75, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.01.018