M. A. and I. N. Hoffmann-la-roche, REFERENCES 1. El-Serag HB. 2012. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma, Gastroenterology, vol.142, pp.1264-1273

S. Chan, V. Wong, S. Qin, and H. Chan, Infection and Cancer: The Case of Hepatitis B, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.34, issue.1, pp.83-90, 2016.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.2015.61.5724

K. Busch and R. Thimme, Natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, vol.481, issue.7381, pp.5-10, 2015.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1118834109

A. Tan, S. Koh, and A. Bertoletti, Immune response in hepatitis B virus infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 5:a021428. https, 2015.

C. Ferrari, HBV and the immune response, Liver International, vol.10, pp.121-128, 2015.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003856

F. Zoulim and D. Durantel, Antiviral therapies and prospects for a cure of chronic hepatitis B. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 5:a021501. https, 2015.

N. Isorce, J. Lucifora, F. Zoulim, and D. Durantel, Immune-modulators to combat hepatitis B virus infection: From IFN-?? to novel investigational immunotherapeutic strategies, Antiviral Research, vol.122, pp.69-81, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.08.008

S. Pandey, T. Kawai, and S. Akira, Microbial Sensing by Toll-Like Receptors and Intracellular Nucleic Acid Sensors, Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, vol.7, issue.1, p.16246, 2014.
DOI : 10.1101/cshperspect.a016246

I. Hirsch, C. Caux, U. Hasan, N. Bendriss-vermare, and D. Olive, Impaired Toll-like receptor 7 and 9 signaling: from chronic viral infections to cancer, Trends in Immunology, vol.31, issue.10, pp.391-397, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.it.2010.07.004

M. Swiecki and M. Colonna, The multifaceted biology of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, Nature Reviews Immunology, vol.9, issue.8, pp.471-485, 2015.
DOI : 10.1038/ni.1669

F. Lin and H. Young, Interferons: Success in anti-viral immunotherapy, Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, vol.25, issue.4, pp.369-376, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.07.015

A. Sadler and B. Williams, Interferon-inducible antiviral effectors, Nature Reviews Immunology, vol.97, issue.7, pp.559-568, 2008.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.165.12.6896

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2522268?pdf=render

R. Lanford, B. Guerra, D. Chavez, L. Giavedoni, V. Hodara et al., GS-9620, an Oral Agonist of Toll-Like Receptor-7, Induces Prolonged Suppression of Hepatitis B Virus in Chronically Infected Chimpanzees, Gastroenterology, vol.144, issue.7, pp.1508-1517, 2013.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.003

S. Menne, D. Tumas, K. Liu, L. Thampi, D. Aldeghaither et al., Sustained efficacy and seroconversion with the Toll-like receptor 7 agonist GS-9620 in the Woodchuck model of chronic hepatitis B, Journal of Hepatology, vol.62, issue.6, pp.1237-1245, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.026

S. Adams, Toll-like receptor agonists in cancer therapy, Immunotherapy, vol.8, issue.6, pp.949-964, 2009.
DOI : 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0815

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2886992?pdf=render

V. Gosu, S. Basith, O. Kwon, and S. Choi, Therapeutic Applications of Nucleic Acids and Their Analogues in Toll-like Receptor Signaling, Molecules, vol.17, issue.11, 2012.
DOI : 10.3390/molecules171113503

W. Heyward, M. Kyle, J. Blumenau, M. Davis, K. Reisinger et al., Immunogenicity and safety of an investigational hepatitis B vaccine with a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist adjuvant (HBsAg-1018) compared to a licensed hepatitis B vaccine in healthy adults 40???70 years of age, Vaccine, vol.31, issue.46, pp.5300-5305, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.068

R. Janssen, R. Mangoo-karim, P. Pergola, M. Girndt, H. Namini et al., Immunogenicity and safety of an investigational hepatitis B vaccine with a toll-like receptor 9 agonist adjuvant (HBsAg-1018) compared with a licensed hepatitis B vaccine in patients with chronic kidney disease, Vaccine, vol.31, issue.46, pp.5306-5313, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.067

J. Janssen, W. Heyward, J. Martin, and R. Janssen, Immunogenicity and safety of an investigational hepatitis B vaccine with a toll-like receptor 9 agonist adjuvant (HBsAg-1018) compared with a licensed hepatitis B vaccine in patients with chronic kidney disease, Vaccine, vol.31, issue.46, pp.833-837, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.067

S. Lv, J. Wang, S. Dou, X. Yang, X. Ni et al., Nanoparticles encapsulating hepatitis B virus cytosine-phosphate-guanosine induce therapeutic immunity against HBV infection, Hepatology, vol.204, issue.2, pp.385-394, 2014.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.20061660

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.26654/pdf

A. Shahrakyvahed, J. Sanchooli, N. Sanadgol, M. Arababadi, and D. Kennedy, TLR9: an important molecule in the fight against hepatitis B virus, Postgraduate Medical Journal, vol.425, issue.(Suppl 1), pp.396-401, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.03.007

Z. Meng, X. Zhang, P. R. Zhang, E. Kemper, T. Vollmer et al., Combination therapy including CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and entecavir induces early viral response and enhanced inhibition of viral replication in a woodchuck model of chronic hepadnaviral infection, Antiviral Research, vol.125, pp.14-24, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.11.001

L. Huang, D. Wohlleber, F. Reisinger, C. Jenne, R. Cheng et al., Intrahepatic myeloid-cell aggregates enable local proliferation of CD8+ T cells and successful immunotherapy against chronic viral liver infection, Nature Immunology, vol.12, issue.6, pp.574-583, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0025109

Q. Xie, H. Shen, N. Jia, H. Wang, L. Lin et al., Patients with chronic hepatitis B infection display deficiency of plasmacytoid dendritic cells with, 2009.

Y. Xu, Y. Hu, B. Shi, X. Zhang, J. Wang et al., HBsAg inhibits TLR9-mediated activation and IFN-?? production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, Molecular Immunology, vol.46, issue.13, pp.2640-2646, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.04.031

I. Vincent, C. Zannetti, J. Lucifora, H. Norder, U. Protzer et al., Hepatitis B Virus Impairs TLR9 Expression and Function in Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells, PLoS ONE, vol.38, issue.Suppl 1, p.26315, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0026315.s003

A. Woltman, M. Op-den-brouw, P. Biesta, C. Shi, and H. Janssen, Hepatitis B Virus Lacks Immune Activating Capacity, but Actively Inhibits Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Function, PLoS ONE, vol.25, issue.1, p.15324, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0015324.t002

A. Gehring, D. Angelo, and J. , Dissecting the dendritic cell controversy in chronic hepatitis B virus infection, Cellular & Molecular Immunology, vol.161, issue.3, pp.283-291, 2015.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.0803404

A. Gehring, M. Haniffa, P. Kennedy, Z. Ho, C. Boni et al., Mobilizing monocytes to cross-present circulating viral antigen in chronic infection, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.123, issue.9, pp.3766-3776, 2013.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI66043DS1

N. Van-montfoort, E. Van-der-aa, A. Van-den-bosch, H. Brouwers, T. Vanwolleghem et al., ABSTRACT, Journal of Virology, vol.90, issue.14, pp.6187-619902903, 2016.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.02903-15

S. Luangsay, M. Ait-goughoulte, M. Michelet, O. Floriot, M. Bonnin et al., Expression and functionality of Toll- and RIG-like receptors in HepaRG cells, Journal of Hepatology, vol.63, issue.5, pp.1077-1085, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.06.022

M. Marion, O. Hantz, and D. Durantel, The HepaRG Cell Line: Biological Properties and Relevance as a Tool for Cell Biology, Drug Metabolism, and Virology Studies, Methods Mol Biol, vol.640, pp.261-272, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-60761-688-7_13

H. Xu, Y. Liu, B. Guleng, and J. Ren, Hepatitis B Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Interventions, Gastrointestinal Tumors, vol.1, issue.3, pp.135-145, 2014.
DOI : 10.1159/000365307

URL : https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/365307

C. Seeger, F. Zoulim, W. Mason, D. Knipe, P. Howley et al., Hepadnaviruses, Fields virology, pp.2185-2221, 2013.

W. Li and S. Urban, Entry of hepatitis B and hepatitis D virus into hepatocytes: Basic insights and clinical implications, Journal of Hepatology, vol.64, issue.1, pp.32-40, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.011

J. Martinet, T. Dufeu-duchesne, B. Costa, J. Larrat, S. Marlu et al., Altered Functions of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Reduced Cytolytic Activity of Natural Killer Cells in Patients With Chronic HBV Infection, Gastroenterology, vol.143, issue.6, pp.1586-1596, 2012.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.08.046

A. Krieg, Therapeutic potential of Toll-like receptor 9 activation, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol.34, issue.Suppl., pp.471-484, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/eji.200324736

A. Krieg, Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists in the treatment of cancer, Oncogene, vol.89, issue.2, pp.161-167, 2008.
DOI : 10.1182/blood-2004-03-1190

B. Wittig, M. Schmidt, W. Scheithauer, and H. Schmoll, MGN1703, an immunomodulator and toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) agonist: From bench to bedside, Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, vol.94, issue.1, pp.31-44, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.12.002

M. Isogawa, M. Robek, Y. Furuichi, and F. Chisari, Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Inhibits Hepatitis B Virus Replication In Vivo, Journal of Virology, vol.79, issue.11, pp.7269-7272, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.79.11.7269-7272.2005

URL : http://jvi.asm.org/content/79/11/7269.full.pdf

M. Sauter, J. Gauger, and C. Brandt, Oligonucleotides designed to inhibit TLR9 block Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection at multiple steps, Antiviral Research, vol.109, pp.83-96, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.06.015

C. Stein, A. Cleary, L. Yakubov, and S. Lederman, Phosphorothioate Oligodeoxynucleotides Bind to the Third Variable Loop Domain (v3) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120, Antisense Research and Development, vol.3, issue.1, pp.19-31, 1993.
DOI : 10.1089/ard.1993.3.19

K. Ahn, W. Ou, and J. Silver, Inhibition of certain strains of HIV-1 by cell surface polyanions in the form of cholesterol-labeled oligonucleotides, Virology, vol.330, issue.1, pp.50-61, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.virol.2004.09.010

M. Sells, M. Chen, and G. Acs, Production of hepatitis B virus particles in Hep G2 cells transfected with cloned hepatitis B virus DNA., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.84, issue.4, pp.1005-1009, 1987.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.84.4.1005

S. Ladner, M. Otto, C. Barker, K. Zaifert, G. Wang et al., Inducible expression of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) in stably transfected hepatoblastoma cells: a novel system for screening potential inhibitors of HBV replication, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol.41, pp.1715-1720, 1997.

D. Alfaiate, J. Lucifora, N. Abeywickrama-samarakoon, M. Michelet, B. Testoni et al., HDV RNA replication is associated with HBV repression and interferon-stimulated genes induction in super-infected hepatocytes, Antiviral Research, vol.136, pp.19-31, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.10.006

. Anti-hbv, Effect of TLR9-CpG ODNs Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy