L. Raggatt and N. Partridge, Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Bone Remodeling, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.164, issue.33, pp.25103-25108, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63208-7

J. Kular, J. Tickner, S. Chim, and J. Xu, An overview of the regulation of bone remodelling at the cellular level, Clinical Biochemistry, vol.45, issue.12, pp.863-873, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.03.021

G. Hendrickx, E. Boudin, and W. Van-hul, A look behind the scenes: the risk and pathogenesis of primary osteoporosis, Nature Reviews Rheumatology, vol.271, issue.8, pp.462-474, 2015.
DOI : 10.1002/jbmr.2351

M. Almeida, L. Han, M. Martin-millan, L. Plotkin, S. Stewart et al., Skeletal Involution by Age-associated Oxidative Stress and Its Acceleration by Loss of Sex Steroids, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.280, issue.37, pp.27285-27297, 2007.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M411530200

M. Almeida, L. Han, E. Ambrogini, S. Bartell, and S. Manolagas, Signaling Cascade: Counter Regulation by Estrogens or Androgens, Molecular Endocrinology, vol.24, issue.10, pp.2030-2037, 2010.
DOI : 10.1210/me.2010-0189

B. Levine and G. Kroemer, Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of Disease, Cell, vol.132, issue.1, pp.27-42, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2007.12.018

N. Mizushima, B. Levine, A. Cuervo, and D. Klionsky, Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion, Nature, vol.120, issue.7182, pp.1069-1075, 2008.
DOI : 10.4161/auto.1.3.2017

URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670399/pdf

N. Mizushima, Autophagy: process and function, Genes & Development, vol.21, issue.22, pp.2861-2873, 2007.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.1599207

URL : http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/21/22/2861.full.pdf

J. Kaur and J. Debnath, Autophagy at the crossroads of catabolism and anabolism, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol.406, issue.8, pp.461-472, 2015.
DOI : 10.1038/35022604

V. Pierrefite-carle, S. Santucci-darmanin, V. Breuil, O. Camuzard, and G. Carle, Autophagy in bone: Self-eating to stay in balance, Ageing Research Reviews, vol.24, pp.206-217, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.arr.2015.08.004

M. Nollet, S. Santucci-darmanin, V. Breuil, R. Al-sahlanee, C. Cros et al., Autophagy in osteoblasts is involved in mineralization and bone homeostasis, Autophagy, vol.43, issue.11, pp.1965-1977, 2014.
DOI : 10.1002/jbmr.1805

M. Onal, M. Piemontese, J. Xiong, Y. Wang, L. Han et al., Suppression of Autophagy in Osteocytes Mimics Skeletal Aging, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.1, issue.24, pp.17432-17440, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/nm.1851

F. Liu, F. Fang, H. Yuan, D. Yang, Y. Chen et al., Suppression of autophagy by FIP200 deletion leads to osteopenia in mice through the inhibition of osteoblast terminal differentiation, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.494, issue.7436, pp.2414-2430, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/nature11866

C. Deselm, B. Miller, W. Zou, W. Beatty, E. Van-meel et al., Autophagy Proteins Regulate the Secretory Component of Osteoclastic Bone Resorption, Developmental Cell, vol.21, issue.5, pp.966-974, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.08.016

L. Zhang, Y. Guo, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, D. Xiong et al., Pathway-based genome-wide association analysis identified the importance of regulation-of-autophagy pathway for ultradistal radius BMD, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.3, issue.Suppl 1, pp.1572-1580, 2010.
DOI : 10.1089/jir.1990.10.541

D. Roso, A. Vittorini, S. Cavallini, G. Donati, A. Gori et al., Ageing-related changes in the in vivo function of rat liver macroautophagy and proteolysis, Experimental Gerontology, vol.38, issue.5, pp.519-527, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0531-5565(03)00002-0

M. Uddin, N. Nishio, S. Ito, H. Suzuki, and K. Isobe, Autophagic activity in thymus and liver during aging, AGE, vol.47, issue.3, pp.75-85, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/hep.22146

URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3260356/pdf

D. Russ, I. Boyd, K. Mccoy, and K. Mccorkle, Muscle-specificity of age-related changes in markers of autophagy and sphingolipid metabolism, Biogerontology, vol.8, issue.6, pp.747-759, 2015.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0059514

M. Lipinski, B. Zheng, T. Lu, Z. Yan, B. Py et al., Genome-wide analysis reveals mechanisms modulating autophagy in normal brain aging and in Alzheimer's disease, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.33, issue.2, pp.14164-14169, 2010.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.011404098

URL : http://www.pnas.org/content/107/32/14164.full.pdf

K. Chen, Y. Yang, S. Jiang, and L. Jiang, Decreased activity of osteocyte autophagy with aging may contribute to the bone loss in senile population, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, vol.169, issue.1, pp.285-295, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jss.2011.02.033

Y. Yang, X. Zheng, B. Li, S. Jiang, and L. Jiang, Increased activity of osteocyte autophagy in ovariectomized rats and its correlation with oxidative stress status and bone loss, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol.451, issue.1, pp.86-92, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.069

L. Bonewald, The amazing osteocyte, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.58, issue.(suppl1), pp.229-238, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/jmicro/dfp032

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jbmr.320/pdf

D. Klionsky, K. Abdelmohsen, A. Abe, M. Abedin, H. Abeliovich et al., Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy, Autophagy, vol.4, issue.4, pp.1-222, 2016.
DOI : 10.4161/auto.6.4.12244

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01343085

N. Mizushima, T. Yoshimori, and B. Levine, Methods in Mammalian Autophagy Research, Cell, vol.140, issue.3, pp.313-326, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.028

URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.028

R. Levasseur, R. Barrios, F. Elefteriou, D. Glass, M. Lieberman et al., Reversible Skeletal Abnormalities in ??-Glutamyl Transpeptidase-Deficient Mice, Endocrinology, vol.144, issue.7, pp.2761-2764, 2003.
DOI : 10.1210/en.2002-0071

URL : https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-pdf/144/7/2761/11128477/endo2761.pdf

J. Lean, J. Davies, K. Fuller, C. Jagger, B. Kirstein et al., A crucial role for thiol antioxidants in estrogen-deficiency bone loss, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.112, issue.6, pp.915-923, 2003.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI200318859

S. Manolagas, From Estrogen-Centric to Aging and Oxidative Stress: A Revised Perspective of the Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis, Endocrine Reviews, vol.31, issue.3, pp.266-300, 2010.
DOI : 10.1210/er.2009-0024

A. Seo, A. Joseph, D. Dutta, J. Hwang, J. Aris et al., New insights into the role of mitochondria in aging: mitochondrial dynamics and more, Journal of Cell Science, vol.123, issue.15, pp.2533-2575, 2010.
DOI : 10.1242/jcs.070490

L. Lapierre, C. Kumsta, M. Sandri, A. Ballabio, and M. Hansen, Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of autophagy in aging, Autophagy, vol.29, issue.7529, pp.867-880, 2015.
DOI : 10.1038/ncomms7670

S. Olivan, A. Calvo, R. Manzano, P. Zaragoza, and R. Osta, Sex Differences in Constitutive Autophagy, BioMed Research International, vol.93, issue.4, p.652817, 2014.
DOI : 10.1096/fj.08-114348

S. Choi, H. Shin, H. Song, and H. Lim, Suppression of autophagic activation in the mouse uterus by estrogen and progesterone, Journal of Endocrinology, vol.221, issue.1, pp.39-50, 2014.
DOI : 10.1530/JOE-13-0449

F. Wang, X. J. Shen, Y. Yao, F. Chen, and Y. , Estrogen protects cardiomyocytes against lipopolysaccharide by inhibiting autophagy, Molecular Medicine Reports, vol.10, issue.3, pp.1509-1512, 2014.
DOI : 10.3892/mmr.2014.2365

C. Lin, C. B. Huang, K. Dai, Y. Teng, and H. , Inhibition of Autophagy by Estradiol Promotes Locomotor Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats, Neuroscience Bulletin, vol.12, issue.2, pp.137-144, 2016.
DOI : 10.1124/mol.106.026344

Y. Yang, K. Chen, B. Li, J. Chen, X. Zheng et al., Estradiol inhibits osteoblast apoptosis via promotion of autophagy through the ER???ERK???mTOR pathway, Apoptosis, vol.1, issue.Pt 7, pp.1363-1375, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/cddis.2010.50

J. White, S. Gao, M. Puppa, S. Sato, S. Welle et al., Testosterone regulation of Akt/mTORC1/FoxO3a signaling in skeletal muscle, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol.365, issue.2, pp.174-186, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mce.2012.10.019

C. Serra, N. Sandor, H. Jang, D. Lee, G. Toraldo et al., The Effects of Testosterone Deprivation and Supplementation on Proteasomal and Autophagy Activity in the Skeletal Muscle of the Male Mouse: Differential Effects on High-Androgen Responder and Low-Androgen Responder Muscle Groups, Endocrinology, vol.154, issue.12, pp.4594-4606, 2013.
DOI : 10.1210/en.2013-1004

B. Lahn and D. Page, Functional Coherence of the Human Y Chromosome, Science, vol.278, issue.5338, pp.675-80, 1997.
DOI : 10.1126/science.278.5338.675

M. Ross, D. Grafham, A. Coffey, S. Scherer, K. Mclay et al., The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome, Nature, vol.9, issue.7031, pp.325-362, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/hmg/9.2.311

H. Skaletsky, T. Kuroda-kawaguchi, P. Minx, H. Cordum, L. Hillier et al., The male-specific region of the human Y chromosome is a mosaic of discrete sequence classes, Nature, vol.88, issue.6942, pp.825-862, 2003.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.88.24.11256

W. Malorni, E. Straface, P. Matarrese, B. Ascione, R. Coinu et al., Redox state and gender differences in vascular smooth muscle cells, FEBS Letters, vol.20, issue.5, pp.635-677, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001990

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1016/j.febslet.2008.01.034/pdf

A. Maselli, P. Matarrese, E. Straface, S. Canu, F. Franconi et al., Cell sex: a new look at cell fate studies, The FASEB Journal, vol.23, issue.4, pp.978-84, 2009.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M601984200

E. Straface, R. Vona, L. Gambardella, B. Ascione, M. Marino et al., Cell sex determines anoikis resistance in vascular smooth muscle cells, FEBS Letters, vol.144, issue.21, pp.3448-54, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.surg.2008.03.009

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1016/j.febslet.2009.09.052/pdf

P. Lista, E. Straface, S. Brunelleschi, F. Franconi, and W. Malorni, On the role of autophagy in human diseases: a gender perspective, Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, vol.81, issue.7, pp.1443-1457, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2008.01114.x

D. Turei, L. Foldvari-nagy, D. Fazekas, D. Modos, J. Kubisch et al., Autophagy Regulatory Network ??? A systems-level bioinformatics resource for studying the mechanism and regulation of autophagy, Autophagy, vol.6, issue.1, pp.155-165, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkp1026

R. Prisby, J. Dominguez, J. Muller-delp, M. Allen, and M. Delp, Aging and Estrogen Status: A Possible Endothelium-Dependent Vascular Coupling Mechanism in Bone Remodeling, PLoS ONE, vol.46, issue.Suppl 3, p.48564, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0048564.t001

M. Blagosklonny, Validation of anti-aging drugs by treating age-related diseases, Aging, vol.1, issue.3, 2009.
DOI : 10.18632/aging.100034

A. Bakker and J. Klein-nulend, Osteoblast Isolation from Murine Calvaria and Long Bones, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol.816, pp.19-29, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-61779-415-5_2