P. Megas, Classification of non-union, Injury, vol.36, pp.30-37, 2005.

R. Marsell and T. A. Einhorn, The biology of fracture healing, Injury, vol.42, issue.6, pp.551-555, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.injury.2011.03.031

F. Loi, L. A. Córdova, J. Pajarinen, T. H. Lin, Z. Yao et al., Inflammation, fracture and bone repair, Bone, vol.86, pp.119-130, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bone.2016.02.020

URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4833637/pdf

C. Copuroglu, G. M. Calori, and P. V. Giannoudis, Fracture non-union: Who is at risk?, Injury, vol.44, issue.11, pp.1379-1382, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.injury.2013.08.003

R. Gruber, H. Koch, B. A. Doll, F. Tegtmeier, T. A. Einhorn et al., Fracture healing in the elderly patient, Experimental Gerontology, vol.41, issue.11, pp.1080-1093, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.exger.2006.09.008

P. Kostenuik and F. M. Mirza, Fracture healing physiology and the quest for therapies for delayed healing and nonunion, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol.277, issue.1, pp.213-223, 2017.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M203171200

R. Nandra, L. Grover, and K. Porter, Fracture non-union epidemiology and treatment, Trauma, vol.268, issue.1, pp.3-11, 2016.
DOI : 10.1007/s00402-014-2014-8

URL : http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1460408615591625

E. Gómez-barrena, P. Rosset, D. Lozano, J. Stanovici, C. Ermthaller et al., Bone fracture healing: Cell therapy in delayed unions and nonunions, Bone, vol.70, pp.93-101, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bone.2014.07.033

J. Ma, S. K. Both, and F. Yang, Concise Review: Cell-Based Strategies in Bone Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, STEM CELLS Translational Medicine, vol.18, issue.suppl 3, pp.98-107, 2014.
DOI : 10.22203/eCM.v018a07

L. Galois, D. Bensoussan, and J. Diligent, Autologous bone marrow graft and treatment of delayed and non-unions of long bones: technical aspects, Biomedical Material Engineering, vol.19, pp.277-281, 2009.

J. B. Gross, J. Diligent, D. Bensoussan, L. Galois, J. F. Stoltz et al., Percutaneous autologous bone marrow injection for treatment of delayed and non-union of long bone: a retrospective study of 45 cases, Biomedical Material Engineering, vol.25, issue.1, pp.187-197, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01452237

H. D. Ismail, P. Phedy, and E. Kholinne, Mesenchymal stem cell implantation in atrophic nonunion of the long bones: A translational study, Bone and Joint Research, vol.5, issue.7, pp.287-293, 2016.
DOI : 10.1302/2046-3758.57.2000587

A. I. Caplan, Why are MSCs therapeutic? New data: new insight, The Journal of Pathology, vol.14, issue.4, pp.318-324, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.03.062

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/path.2469/pdf

P. Hernigou, A. Poignard, F. Beaujean, and H. Rouard, Percutaneous autologous bone-marrow grafting for nonunions. Influence of the number and concentration of progenitor cells, Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, vol.87, pp.1430-1437, 2005.

A. I. Caplan and J. E. Dennis, Mesenchymal stem cells as trophic mediators, Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol.16, issue.5, pp.1076-1084, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/jnci/djh299

W. L. Grayson, B. A. Bunnell, E. Martin, T. Frazier, B. P. Hung et al., Stromal cells and stem cells in clinical bone regeneration, Nature Reviews Endocrinology, vol.86, issue.3, pp.140-150, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.09.065

K. D. Hankenson, G. Zimmerman, and R. Marcucio, Biological perspectives of delayed fracture healing, Injury, vol.45, pp.8-15, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.injury.2014.04.003

URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4406220/pdf

R. Eastell, P. Garnero, C. Audebert, and D. L. , Reference intervals of bone turnover markers in healthy premenopausal women: Results from a cross-sectional European study, Bone, vol.50, issue.5, pp.1141-1147, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bone.2012.02.003

D. J. Leeming, P. Alexandersen, M. A. Karsdal, P. Qvist, S. Schaller et al., An update on biomarkers of bone turnover and their utility in biomedical research and clinical practice, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol.36, issue.Suppl 6, pp.781-792, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/52A.2.M61

M. J. Seibel, Clinical application of biochemical markers of bone turnover, Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia, pp.603-620, 2006.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1008238422151

E. Veronesi, A. Murgia, and A. Caselli, Expanded and Freshly Harvested Clinical-Grade Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration, Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods, vol.20, issue.3, pp.239-251, 2014.
DOI : 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0250

N. Fekete, M. Gadelorge, and D. Fürst, Platelet lysate from whole blood-derived pooled platelet concentrates and apheresis-derived platelet concentrates for the isolation and expansion of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells: production process, content and identification of active components, Cytotherapy, vol.14, issue.5, pp.540-554, 2012.
DOI : 10.3109/14653249.2012.655420

M. Á. Brennan, A. Renaud, and J. Amiaud, Pre-clinical studies of bone regeneration with human bone marrow stromal cells and biphasic calcium phosphate, Stem Cell Research & Therapy, vol.5, issue.5, p.114, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.08.018

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01205389

D. J. Hak, S. S. Lee, and J. A. Goulet, Success of Exchange Reamed Intramedullary Nailing for Femoral Shaft Nonunion or Delayed Union, Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, vol.14, issue.3, pp.178-182, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00005131-200003000-00005

D. J. Hak, D. Fitzpatrick, and J. A. Bishop, Delayed union and nonunions: Epidemiology, clinical issues, and financial aspects, Injury, vol.45, pp.3-7, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.injury.2014.04.002

M. Ollivier, A. M. Gay, A. Cerlier, A. Lunebourg, J. N. Argenson et al., Can we achieve bone healing using the diamond concept without bone grafting for recalcitrant tibial nonunions?, Injury, vol.46, issue.7, pp.1383-1388, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.injury.2015.03.036

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01414078

M. S. Virk and J. R. Lieberman, Biologic adjuvants for fracture healing, Arthritis Research & Therapy, vol.14, issue.5, p.225, 2012.
DOI : 10.1302/0301-620X.81B4.9311

URL : https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/ar4053?site=arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com

K. M. Emara, R. A. Diab, and A. K. Emara, Recent biological trends in management of fracture non-union, World Journal of Orthopedics, vol.6, issue.8, pp.623-628, 2015.
DOI : 10.5312/wjo.v6.i8.623

P. Rosset, F. Deschaseaux, and P. Layrolle, Cell therapy for bone repair, Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research, vol.100, issue.1, pp.107-112, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.otsr.2013.11.010

M. B. Greenblatt, J. N. Tsai, and M. N. Wein, Bone Turnover Markers in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Metabolic Bone Disease, Clinical Chemistry, vol.63, issue.2, pp.464-474, 2017.
DOI : 10.1373/clinchem.2016.259085

G. Cox, T. A. Einhorn, C. Tzioupis, and P. V. Giannoudis, Bone-turnover markers in fracture healing, Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume, vol.92, issue.3, pp.329-334, 2010.
DOI : 10.1302/0301-620X.92B3.22787

URL : http://bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/jbjsbr/92-B/3/329.full.pdf

M. O. Coulibaly, D. L. Sietsema, T. A. Burgers, J. Mason, B. O. Williams et al., Recent Advances in the Use of Serological Bone Formation Markers to Monitor Callus Development and Fracture Healing, Critical Reviews??? in Eukaryotic Gene Expression, vol.20, issue.2, pp.105-127, 2010.
DOI : 10.1615/CritRevEukarGeneExpr.v20.i2.20

C. P. Sousa, I. R. Dias, and M. Lopez-peña, Bone turnover markers for early detection of fracture healing disturbances: A review of the scientific literature, Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ci??ncias, vol.38, issue.6, pp.1049-1061, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-1383(07)80007-6

R. D. Chapurlat and C. B. Confavreux, Novel biological markers of bone: from bone metabolism to bone physiology, Rheumatology, vol.55, issue.10, pp.1714-1725, 2016.
DOI : 10.1093/rheumatology/kev410

P. Klein, H. J. Bail, and H. Schell, Are Bone Turnover Markers Capable of Predicting Callus Consolidation During Bone Healing?, Calcified Tissue International, vol.37, issue.A(5), pp.40-49, 2004.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-195537050-00013

P. D. Delmas, B. Demiaux, L. Malaval, M. C. Chapuy, C. Edouard et al., Serum bone gamma carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein in primary hyperparathyroidism and in malignant hypercalcemia. Comparison with bone histomorphometry., Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.77, issue.3, pp.985-991, 1986.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI112400

URL : http://www.jci.org/articles/view/112400/files/pdf

K. Jung and M. Lein, Bone turnover markers in serum and urine as diagnostic, prognostic and monitoring biomarkers of bone metastasis, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer, vol.1846, issue.2, pp.425-438, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.09.001

J. Kular, J. Tickner, S. M. Chim, and J. Xu, An overview of the regulation of bone remodelling at the cellular level, Clinical Biochemistry, vol.45, issue.12, pp.863-873, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.03.021

P. Garnero, M. Ferreras, and M. A. , The Type I Collagen Fragments ICTP and CTX Reveal Distinct Enzymatic Pathways of Bone Collagen Degradation, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.43, issue.Suppl 6, pp.859-867, 2003.
DOI : 10.1177/43.5.7730591

S. A. Bowles, N. Kurdy, A. M. Davis, and M. W. France, Changes in Serum Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase following Tibial Fracture, Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: An international journal of biochemistry and laboratory medicine, vol.34, issue.6, pp.690-691, 1997.
DOI : 10.1177/000456329703400616

URL : http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/000456329703400616

A. Emami, A. Larsson, M. Petrén-mallmin, and S. Larsson, Serum Bone Markers After Intramedullary Fixed Tibial Fractures, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, vol.368, pp.220-229, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00003086-199911000-00027

S. W. Veitch, S. C. Findlay, A. J. Hamer, A. Blumsohn, R. Eastell et al., Changes in bone mass and bone turnover following tibial shaft fracture, Osteoporosis International, vol.61, issue.3, pp.364-372, 2006.
DOI : 10.3109/17453678408992317

K. Stoffel, H. Engler, M. Kuster, and W. Riesen, Changes in Biochemical Markers after Lower Limb Fractures, Clinical Chemistry, vol.53, issue.1, pp.131-134, 2007.
DOI : 10.1373/clinchem.2006.076976

URL : http://clinchem.aaccjnls.org/content/clinchem/53/1/131.full.pdf

D. Marchelli, L. P. Piodi, C. Corradini, L. Parravicini, C. Verdoia et al., Increased serum OPG in atrophic nonunion shaft fractures, Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, vol.27, issue.7, pp.55-58, 2009.
DOI : 10.1210/jc.86.7.3162

URL : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10195-009-0047-5

J. Köttstorfer, A. Thomas, and M. Gregori, Are OPG and RANKL involved in human fracture healing?, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol.28, issue.12, pp.1557-1561, 2014.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.188.5.997

T. A. Einhorn and L. C. Gerstenfeld, Fracture healing: mechanisms and interventions, Nature Reviews Rheumatology, vol.24, issue.1, pp.45-54, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bone.2008.07.251

URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4464690/pdf

P. Seebeck, H. J. Bail, and C. Exner, Do serological tissue turnover markers represent callus formation during fracture healing?, Bone, vol.37, issue.5, pp.669-677, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bone.2005.06.008

A. Moghaddam, U. Muller, H. J. Roth, A. Wentzensen, P. A. Grutzner et al., TRACP 5b and CTX as osteological markers of delayed fracture healing, Injury, vol.42, issue.8, pp.758-764, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.injury.2010.11.017

I. Pountos, T. Georgouli, S. Pneumaticos, and P. V. Giannoudis, Fracture non-union: Can biomarkers predict outcome?, Injury, vol.44, issue.12, pp.1725-1732, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.injury.2013.09.009