N. Galiè, M. Humbert, J. Vachiery, S. Gibbs, I. Lang et al., 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension, ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT), pp.903-975, 1183.
DOI : 10.1183/13993003.01032-2015

M. Humbert, E. Lau, D. Montani, X. Jaïs, O. Sitbon et al., Advances in Therapeutic Interventions for Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Circulation, vol.130, issue.24, pp.2189-2208, 2014.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.006974

S. Hunt, . College, and . Cardiology, ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): Developed in Collaboration With the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society, Circulation, vol.112, issue.12, pp.154-235, 2005.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586

A. Hernandez, B. Hammill, O. Connor, C. Schulman, K. Curtis et al., Clinical Effectiveness of Beta-Blockers in Heart Failure, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol.53, issue.2, pp.184-192, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.09.031

F. Haddad, S. Hunt, D. Rosenthal, and D. Murphy, Right Ventricular Function in Cardiovascular Disease, Part I: Anatomy, Physiology, Aging, and Functional Assessment of the Right Ventricle, Circulation, vol.117, issue.11, pp.1436-1448, 2008.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.653576

H. Bogaard, K. Abe, V. Noordegraaf, A. Voelkel, and N. , The Right Ventricle Under Pressure, Chest, vol.135, issue.3, pp.794-804, 2009.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.08-0492

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.519.3209

M. Ishikawa, N. Sato, K. Asai, T. Takano, and K. Mizuno, Effects of a Pure ??/??-Adrenergic Receptor Blocker on Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension With Right Ventricular Hypertrophy in Rats, Circulation Journal, vol.73, issue.12, pp.2337-2341, 2009.
DOI : 10.1253/circj.CJ-09-0213

H. Bogaard, R. Natarajan, S. Mizuno, A. Abbate, P. Chang et al., Adrenergic Receptor Blockade Reverses Right Heart Remodeling and Dysfunction in Pulmonary Hypertensive Rats, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.182, issue.5, pp.652-660, 2010.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.201003-0335OC

F. De-man, M. Handoko, J. Van-ballegoij, I. Schalij, S. Bogaards et al., Bisoprolol Delays Progression Towards Right Heart Failure in Experimental Pulmonary Hypertension, Circulation: Heart Failure, vol.5, issue.1, pp.97-105, 2012.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.964494

J. Drake, J. Gomez-arroyo, C. Dumur, D. Kraskauskas, R. Natarajan et al., Chronic carvedilol treatment partially reverses the right ventricular failure transcriptional profile in experimental pulmonary hypertension, Physiological Genomics, vol.45, issue.12, pp.449-461, 2013.
DOI : 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00166.2012

S. Andersen, J. Schultz, A. Andersen, S. Ringgaard, J. Nielsen et al., Effects of Bisoprolol and Losartan Treatment in the Hypertrophic and Failing Right Heart, Journal of Cardiac Failure, vol.20, issue.11, pp.864-873, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cardfail.2014.08.003

F. Perros, B. Ranchoux, M. Izikki, S. Bentebbal, C. Happé et al., Nebivolol for Improving Endothelial Dysfunction, Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling, and Right Heart Function in??Pulmonary Hypertension, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol.65, issue.7, pp.668-680, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.11.050

URL : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.11.050

A. Ciarka, V. Doan, S. Velez-roa, R. Naeije, and P. Van-de-borne, Prognostic Significance of Sympathetic Nervous System Activation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.181, issue.11, pp.1269-1275, 2010.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.200912-1856OC

F. Triposkiadis, G. Karayannis, G. Giamouzis, J. Skoularigis, G. Louridas et al., The Sympathetic Nervous System in Heart Failure, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol.54, issue.19, pp.1747-1762, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.015

M. Bristow and R. Quaife, The adrenergic system in pulmonary arterial hypertension: bench to bedside (2013 Grover Conference series), Pulmonary Circulation, vol.289, issue.3, pp.415-423, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/S0735-1097(10)60190-8

J. Ryan and S. Archer, The Right Ventricle in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Disorders of Metabolism, Angiogenesis and Adrenergic Signaling in Right Ventricular Failure, Circulation Research, vol.115, issue.1, pp.176-188, 2014.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301129

N. Galiè, M. Humbert, J. Vachiery, S. Gibbs, I. Lang et al., 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension, ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT), pp.67-119, 2016.
DOI : 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv317

S. Provencher, P. Herve, X. Jais, D. Lebrec, M. Humbert et al., Deleterious Effects of ??-Blockers on Exercise Capacity and Hemodynamics in Patients With Portopulmonary Hypertension, Gastroenterology, vol.130, issue.1, pp.120-126, 2006.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.013

A. Peacock and K. Ross, Pulmonary hypertension, European Respiratory Review, vol.22, issue.127, pp.454-455, 2010.
DOI : 10.1183/09059180.00006912

P. So, R. Davies, G. Chandy, D. Stewart, R. Beanlands et al., Usefulness of Beta-Blocker Therapy and Outcomes in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, The American Journal of Cardiology, vol.109, issue.10, pp.1504-1509, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.01.368

N. Galiè, H. Olschewski, R. Oudiz, F. Torres, A. Frost et al., Ambrisentan for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Results of the Ambrisentan in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter, Efficacy (ARIES) Study 1 and 2, Circulation, vol.117, issue.23, pp.3010-3019, 2008.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.742510

N. Galiè, H. Ghofrani, A. Torbicki, R. Barst, L. Rubin et al., Sildenafil Citrate Therapy for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.353, issue.20, pp.2148-2157, 1056.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa050010

G. Simonneau, L. Rubin, N. Galiè, R. Barst, T. Fleming et al., Addition of Sildenafil to Long-Term Intravenous Epoprostenol Therapy in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol.149, issue.8, pp.521-530, 2008.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-149-8-200810210-00004

D. Bandyopadhyay, N. Bajaj, J. Zein, O. Minai, and R. Dweik, Outcomes of ??-blocker use in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a propensity-matched analysis, European Respiratory Journal, vol.46, issue.3, pp.750-760, 2015.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.00215514

T. Thenappan, S. Roy, S. Duval, C. Glassner-kolmin, and M. Gomberg-maitland, ??-Blocker Therapy Is Not Associated With Adverse Outcomes in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Propensity Score Analysis, Circulation: Heart Failure, vol.7, issue.6, pp.903-910, 2014.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001429

D. Grinnan, H. Bogaard, J. Grizzard, B. Van-tassell, A. Abbate et al., Treatment of Group I Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension with Carvedilol Is Safe, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.189, issue.12, pp.1562-1564, 2014.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.201311-2025LE

J. Van-campen, K. De-boer, M. Van-de-veerdonk, C. Van-der-bruggen, C. Allaart et al., Bisoprolol in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: an explorative study, European Respiratory Journal, vol.48, issue.3, pp.787-796, 2016.
DOI : 10.1183/13993003.00090-2016

R. Beanlands, C. Nahmias, E. Gordon, G. Coates, R. Firnau et al., The Effects of ??1-Blockade on Oxidative Metabolism and the Metabolic Cost of Ventricular Work in Patients With Left Ventricular Dysfunction : A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Positron-Emission Tomography Study, Circulation, vol.102, issue.17, pp.2070-2075, 2000.
DOI : 10.1161/01.CIR.102.17.2070

F. Bengel, P. Ueberfuhr, N. Schiepel, S. Nekolla, B. Reichart et al., Myocardial Efficiency and Sympathetic Reinnervation After Orthotopic Heart Transplantation : A Noninvasive Study With Positron Emission Tomography, Circulation, vol.103, issue.14, pp.1881-1886, 2001.
DOI : 10.1161/01.CIR.103.14.1881

S. Rosenkranz, J. Gibbs, R. Wachter, D. Marco, T. Vonk-noordegraaf et al., Left ventricular heart failure and pulmonary hypertension, European Heart Journal, vol.37, issue.12, pp.942-954, 2016.
DOI : 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv512

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4800173

V. Barrese and M. Taglialatela, New advances in beta-blocker therapy in heart failure, Frontiers in Physiology, vol.4, 2013.
DOI : 10.3389/fphys.2013.00323

URL : http://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2013.00323

M. Bristow, Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure With ??-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists: A Convergence of Receptor Pharmacology and Clinical Cardiology, Circulation Research, vol.109, issue.10, pp.1176-1194, 2011.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.245092

F. Edelmann, L. Musial-bright, G. Gelbrich, T. Trippel, S. Radenovic et al., Tolerability and Feasibility of Beta-Blocker Titration in HFpEF Versus HFrEF, JACC: Heart Failure, vol.4, issue.2, pp.140-149, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.10.008

B. Borlaug, V. Melenovsky, S. Russell, K. Kessler, K. Pacak et al., Impaired Chronotropic and Vasodilator Reserves Limit Exercise Capacity in Patients With Heart Failure and a Preserved Ejection Fraction, Circulation, vol.114, issue.20, pp.2138-2147, 2006.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.632745

V. Conraads, M. Metra, O. Kamp, D. Keulenaer, G. Pieske et al., Effects of the long-term administration of nebivolol on the clinical symptoms, exercise capacity, and left ventricular function of patients with diastolic dysfunction: results of the ELANDD study, European Journal of Heart Failure, vol.13, issue.2, pp.219-225, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/eurjhf/hfr161

T. Kuehne, S. Yilmaz, P. Steendijk, P. Moore, M. Groenink et al., Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis of Right Ventricular Pressure-Volume Loops: In Vivo Validation and Clinical Application in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension, Circulation, vol.110, issue.14, pp.2010-2016, 2004.
DOI : 10.1161/01.CIR.0000143138.02493.DD

J. Vachiéry, Y. Adir, J. Barberà, H. Champion, J. Coghlan et al., Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Left Heart Diseases, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol.62, issue.25, pp.100-108, 1925.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.10.033

D. Zimpfer, P. Zrunek, W. Roethy, M. Czerny, H. Schima et al., Left ventricular assist devices decrease fixed pulmonary hypertension in cardiac transplant candidates, The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, vol.133, issue.3, pp.689-695, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.08.104

URL : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.08.104

S. Malenfant and F. Perros, ??-blockers in pulmonary arterial hypertension: generation might matter, European Respiratory Journal, vol.47, issue.2, pp.682-684, 2016.
DOI : 10.1183/13993003.01244-2015

M. Bristow, What Type of ??-Blocker Should Be Used to Treat Chronic Heart Failure?, Circulation, vol.102, issue.5, pp.484-486, 2000.
DOI : 10.1161/01.CIR.102.5.484

M. Helfand, K. Peterson, V. Christensen, T. Dana, and S. Thakurta, Drug Class Review: Beta Adrenergic Blockers: Final Report Update 4 [Internet]. Portland (OR): Oregon Health & Science University, 2009.

L. Rubin, The adrenergic nervous system as a therapeutic target in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a cautionary tale, European Respiratory Journal, vol.48, issue.3, pp.617-618, 2016.
DOI : 10.1183/13993003.01333-2016

S. Ghosh, M. Gupta, W. Xu, D. Mavrakis, A. Janocha et al., Phosphorylation inactivation of endothelial nitric oxide synthesis in pulmonary arterial hypertension, American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol.310, issue.11, pp.1199-1205, 2016.
DOI : 10.1152/ajplung.00092.2016

M. Verity and J. Bevan, Fine structural study of the terminal effecror plexus, neuromuscular and intermuscular relationships in the pulmonary artery, J Anat, vol.103, pp.49-63, 1968.

S. Chen, F. Zhang, J. Xu, D. Xie, L. Zhou et al., Pulmonary Artery Denervation to Treat Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol.62, issue.12, pp.1092-1100, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.075

URL : http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.075

S. Chen, H. Zhang, D. Xie, J. Zhang, L. Zhou et al., Response to Letter Regarding Article, ???Hemodynamic, Functional, and Clinical Responses to Pulmonary Artery Denervation in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension of Different Causes: Phase II Results From the Pulmonary Artery Denervation-1 Study???, Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions, vol.9, issue.1, 2015.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.115.003463

M. Hoeper and N. Galiè, Letter by Hoeper and Gali?? Regarding Article, ???Hemodynamic, Functional, and Clinical Responses to Pulmonary Artery Denervation in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension of Different Causes: Phase II Results From the Pulmonary Artery Denervation-1 Study???, Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions, vol.9, issue.1, 2016.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.115.003422

G. Simonneau, M. Hoeper, V. Mclaughlin, L. Rubin, and N. Galiè, Future perspectives in pulmonary arterial hypertension, European Respiratory Review, vol.25, issue.142, pp.381-389, 2016.
DOI : 10.1183/16000617.0084-2016.Supp1

H. Zhang, J. Zhang, D. Xie, X. Jiang, F. Zhang et al., Pulmonary artery denervation for treatment of a patient with pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease, Pulmonary Circulation, vol.6, issue.2, pp.240-243, 2016.
DOI : 10.1086/685550

W. Hu, S. Yu, L. Chen, R. Guo, and Q. Zhao, Renal sympathetic denervation prevents the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension and cardiac dysfunction in dogs, The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, vol.31, issue.8, pp.405-412, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.kjms.2015.05.006

S. Salvi, ??1-Adrenergic Hypothesis for Pulmonary Hypertension, Chest, vol.115, issue.6, pp.1708-1719, 1999.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.115.6.1708

F. Hentrich, M. Göthert, and D. Greschuchna, Noradrenaline release in the human pulmonary artery is modulated by presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors

J. Dopp, A. Agapitov, C. Sinkey, W. Haynes, and B. Phillips, Sildenafil Increases Sympathetically Mediated Vascular Tone in Humans, American Journal of Hypertension, vol.26, issue.6, pp.762-769, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/ajh/hpt018

B. Phillips, M. Kato, C. Pesek, M. Winnicki, K. Narkiewicz et al., Sympathetic Activation by Sildenafil, Circulation, vol.102, issue.25, pp.3068-3073, 2000.
DOI : 10.1161/01.CIR.102.25.3068

O. Pauvert, C. Lugnier, T. Keravis, R. Marthan, E. Rousseau et al., Effect of sildenafil on cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, vascular tone and calcium signaling in rat pulmonary artery, British Journal of Pharmacology, vol.158, issue.Suppl 1, pp.513-522, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705277

E. Takimoto, D. Belardi, C. Tocchetti, S. Vahebi, G. Cormaci et al., Compartmentalization of Cardiac ??-Adrenergic Inotropy Modulation by Phosphodiesterase Type 5, Circulation, vol.115, issue.16, pp.2159-2167, 2007.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.643536

B. Borlaug, V. Melenovsky, T. Marhin, P. Fitzgerald, and D. Kass, Sildenafil Inhibits ??-Adrenergic-Stimulated Cardiac Contractility in Humans, Circulation, vol.112, issue.17, pp.2642-2649, 2005.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.540500

A. Isidori, M. Cornacchione, F. Barbagallo, D. Grazia, A. Barrios et al., Inhibition of type 5 phosphodiesterase counteracts ??2-adrenergic signalling in beating cardiomyocytes, Cardiovascular Research, vol.106, issue.3, pp.408-420, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/cvr/cvv123

K. Racké, L. Juergens, I. Schütz, N. Kämpfer, M. Fuhrmann et al., Endothelin-1 enhances ??2-adrenoceptor gene transcription in human lung fibroblasts, Life Sciences, vol.91, issue.13-14, pp.540-543, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.03.025

A. García-Álvarez, D. Pereda, I. García-lunar, D. Sanz-rosa, R. Fernández-jiménez et al., Beta-3 adrenergic agonists reduce pulmonary vascular resistance and improve right ventricular performance in a porcine model of chronic pulmonary hypertension, Basic Research in Cardiology, vol.97, issue.4, p.49, 2016.
DOI : 10.1161/01.RES.0000188211.83193.1a