Editorial on the Research Topic Innovative Radiopharmaceuticals in Oncology and Neurology Personalized medicine is presented as the future of patient care. Nuclear Medicine will play a major role in the selection of patients for targeted therapies and in early therapy assessment with the investigation of phenotypes and functions using sensitive and specific SPECT and PET imaging techniques and theranostic approaches. Nuclear Medicine is already a key in the development of new therapies and targeted radionuclide therapy provides efficacious treatment modalities against cancer. An incredible amount of innovation is related to the use of a variety of radionuclides, new or improved multimodality imaging devices, and numbers of recently marketed radiopharmaceuticals in all medical domains and particularly cardiology, neurology, and oncology. In this context, a network of laboratories and Nuclear Medicine departments, the IRON Laboratory of Excellence (Labex), has been set as part of the French " Investissements d' Avenir " program to help translating innovative radiopharmaceuticals into clinical testing by a multidisciplinary approach from the production of radionuclides using cyclotrons, to basic studies of targets and ligands, clinical trials, and assessment of the societal impacts of innovation in medicine in neurology and oncology. To foster communication between scientists, inside the Labex and with the international community, a series of highly specialized international " Nuclear Technologies for Health Symposia " has been organized annually, with the most recent edition, the third, held in Nantes, France, on March 10–11, 2015. Plenary lectures given by distinguished speakers (Hank Kung, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Tom Bäck, Gothenburg, Sweden, Otto Boerman, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Franck Bruchertseifer, Karlsruhe, Germany, and Claire Tabouret-Viaud, Geneva, Switzerland) addressed the state of the arts and new developments in the use of radioactivity and radiopharmaceuticals for multimodality imaging and therapy. The latest achievements in clinical nuclear medicine, science, and technology were discussed during interactive oral and poster sessions. Selected talks were organized in four sessions: innovative tracers in neurology: from bench to bedside, multimodality imaging, theranostic in nuclear medicine, and targeted radionuclide therapy. After the meeting, 12 papers were published in the Nuclear Medicine topic open by Frontiers in Medicine. These papers are representative of current research and development in Nuclear Medicine.