M. Baggiolini, Chemokines and leucocyte traffic, Nature, pp.392-565, 1998.

A. Viola and A. D. Luster, Chemokines and Their Receptors: Drug Targets in Immunity and Inflammation, Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, vol.48, issue.1, pp.48-171, 2008.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.121806.154841

G. Shi, S. Partida-sanchez, R. S. Misra, M. Tighe, M. T. Borchers et al., Identification of an alternative G{alpha}q-dependent chemokine receptor signal transduction pathway in dendritic cells and granulocytes, J. Exp. Med, pp.204-2705, 2007.

S. J. Myers, L. M. Wong, and I. F. Charo, Signal Transduction and Ligand Specificity of the Human Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Receptor in Transfected Embryonic Kidney Cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, pp.270-5786, 1995.

G. O. 'boyle, J. G. Brain, J. A. Kirby, and S. Ali, Chemokine-mediated inflammation: Identification of a possible regulatory role for CCR2, Mol Immunol, pp.44-1944, 2007.

M. J. Lorenowicz, J. Van-gils, M. De-boer, P. L. Hordijk, and M. Fernandez-borja, Epac1-Rap1 signaling regulates monocyte adhesion and chemotaxis, Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol.80, issue.6, pp.80-1542, 2006.
DOI : 10.1189/jlb.0506357

. Handel, Identification of surface residues of the monocyte chemotactic protein 1 that affect signaling through the receptor CCR2, Biochemistry, pp.38-16167, 1999.

T. C. Rich and J. W. Karpen, Review Article: Cyclic AMP Sensors in Living Cells: What Signals Can They Actually Measure?, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol.30, issue.8, pp.30-1088, 2002.
DOI : 10.1114/1.1511242

D. Willoughby and D. M. Cooper, Live-cell imaging of cAMP dynamics, Nature Methods, vol.274, issue.1, pp.29-36, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/nmeth1135

J. P. Vilardaga, M. Bunemann, T. N. Feinstein, N. Lambert, V. O. Nikolaev et al., Minireview: GPCR and G Proteins: Drug Efficacy and Activation in Live Cells, Molecular Endocrinology, vol.23, issue.5, pp.23-590, 2009.
DOI : 10.1210/me.2008-0204

L. R. Castro, E. Guiot, M. Polito, D. Paupardin-tritsch, and P. Vincent, Decoding spatial and temporal features of neuronal cAMP/PKA signaling with FRET biosensors, Biotechnology Journal, vol.302, issue.2, pp.9-192, 2014.
DOI : 10.1002/biot.201300202

M. J. Lohse, S. Nuber, and C. Hoffmann, Fluorescence/Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer Techniques to Study G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Activation and Signaling, Pharmacological Reviews, vol.64, issue.2, pp.299-336, 2012.
DOI : 10.1124/pr.110.004309

T. C. Rich, K. A. Fagan, T. E. Tse, J. Schaack, D. M. Cooper et al., A uniform extracellular stimulus triggers distinct cAMP signals in different compartments of a simple cell, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.98, issue.23, pp.98-13049, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.221381398

L. M. Dipilato, X. Cheng, and J. Zhang, Fluorescent indicators of cAMP and Epac activation reveal differential dynamics of cAMP signaling within discrete subcellular compartments, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.101, issue.47, pp.16513-16518, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0405973101

M. Mongillo, T. Mcsorley, S. Evellin, A. Sood, V. Lissandron et al., Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Analysis of cAMP Dynamics in Live Neonatal Rat Cardiac Myocytes Reveals Distinct Functions of Compartmentalized Phosphodiesterases, Circulation Research, vol.95, issue.1, pp.95-67, 2004.
DOI : 10.1161/01.RES.0000134629.84732.11

L. R. Castro, M. Brito, E. Guiot, M. Polito, C. W. Korn et al., Striatal neurones have a specific ability to respond to phasic dopamine release, The Journal of Physiology, vol.347, issue.13, pp.591-3197, 2013.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.252197

M. Daoudi, Etude fonctionnelle des variants naturels du CX3CR1, récepteur de la chimiokine Fractalkine Adhérence et transduction du signal, Thèse Doctorat Paris XI, 2005.

M. Daoudi, E. Lavergne, A. Garin, N. Tarantino, P. Debre et al., Enhanced Adhesive Capacities of the Naturally Occurring Ile249-Met280 Variant of the Chemokine Receptor CX3CR1, J. Biol. Chem, pp.279-19649, 2004.

K. B. Seamon, W. Padgett, and J. W. Daly, Forskolin: unique diterpene activator of adenylate cyclase in membranes and in intact cells., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.78, issue.6, pp.78-3363, 1981.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.78.6.3363

J. F. Bazan, K. B. Bacon, G. Hardiman, W. Wang, K. Soo et al., A new class of membrane-bound chemokine with a CX3C motif, Nature, vol.385, issue.6617, pp.385-640, 1997.
DOI : 10.1038/385640a0

C. T. Gilliland, C. L. Salanga, T. Kawamura, J. Trejo, and T. M. Handel, The Chemokine Receptor CCR1 Is Constitutively Active, Which Leads to G Protein-independent, {beta}-Arrestinmediated Internalization, J. Biol. Chem, pp.288-32194, 2013.

B. F. Binkowski, B. L. Butler, P. F. Stecha, C. T. Eggers, P. Otto et al., A Luminescent Biosensor with Increased Dynamic Range for Intracellular cAMP, ACS Chemical Biology, vol.6, issue.11, pp.1193-1197, 2011.
DOI : 10.1021/cb200248h

D. Ke and S. Tu, Activities, Kinetics and Emission Spectra of Bacterial Luciferase-Fluorescent Protein Fusion Enzymes, Photochemistry and Photobiology, vol.104, issue.6, pp.1346-1353, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01001.x

S. Rasouli, S. Hosseinkhani, P. Yaghmaei, and A. Ebrahim-habibi, Effects of Sucrose and Trehalose on Stability, Kinetic Properties, and Thermal Aggregation of Firefly Luciferase, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol.33, issue.2, pp.165-572, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s12010-011-9276-1

T. C. Rich, T. E. Tse, J. G. Rohan, J. Schaack, and J. W. Karpen, In Vivo Assessment of Local Phosphodiesterase Activity Using Tailored Cyclic Nucleotide???Gated Channels as Camp Sensors, The Journal of General Physiology, vol.35, issue.1, pp.118-63, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/17.2.353

S. Desai and B. Ashby, Agonist-induced internalization and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation of the human prostaglandin EP4 receptor, FEBS Letters, vol.274, issue.2-3, pp.156-160, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02640-0

R. Morath, T. Klein, H. W. Seyberth, and R. M. Nusing, Immunolocalization of the four prostaglandin E2 receptor proteins EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4 in human kidney, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, pp.10-1851, 1999.

J. D. Violin, L. M. Dipilato, N. Yildirim, T. C. Elston, J. Zhang et al., beta2- adrenergic receptor signaling and desensitization elucidated by quantitative modeling of real time cAMP dynamics, The Journal of biological chemistry, pp.283-2949, 2008.

S. Ferrandon, T. N. Feinstein, M. Castro, B. Wang, R. Bouley et al., Sustained cyclic AMP production by parathyroid hormone receptor endocytosis, Nature Chemical Biology, vol.81, issue.10, pp.734-742, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/nchembio.206

D. Calebiro, V. O. Nikolaev, M. C. Gagliani, T. De-filippis, C. Dees et al., Persistent cAMP-Signals Triggered by Internalized G-Protein???Coupled Receptors, PLoS Biology, vol.260, issue.8, p.1000172, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000172.s025

R. S. Kuna, S. B. Girada, S. Asalla, J. Vallentyne, S. Maddika et al., Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-mediated endosomal cAMP generation promotes glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells, American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, pp.305-161, 2013.

V. L. Wehbi, H. P. Stevenson, T. N. Feinstein, G. Calero, G. Romero et al., Noncanonical GPCR signaling arising from a PTH receptor-arrestin-G{beta}{gamma} complex, pp.110-1530, 2013.

R. Irannejad and M. Zastrow, GPCR signaling along the endocytic pathway, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol.27, pp.109-116, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.10.003

J. P. Vilardaga, F. G. Jean-alphonse, and T. J. Gardella, Endosomal generation of cAMP in GPCR signaling, Nature Chemical Biology, vol.268, issue.9, pp.700-706, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tips.2012.05.004

F. Mullershausen, F. Zecri, C. Cetin, A. Billich, D. Guerini et al., Persistent signaling induced by FTY720-phosphate is mediated by internalized S1P1 receptors, Nature Chemical Biology, vol.10, issue.6, pp.428-434, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/nchembio.173

K. Dorgham, A. Ghadiri, P. Hermand, M. Rodero, L. Poupel et al., An engineered CX3CR1 antagonist endowed with antiinflammatory activity, J Leukoc Biol, pp.86-903, 2009.

T. Kirchhausen, E. Macia, and H. E. Pelish, Use of Dynasore, the Small Molecule Inhibitor of Dynamin, in the Regulation of Endocytosis, Methods in Enzymology, Academic Press2008, pp.77-93
DOI : 10.1016/S0076-6879(07)38006-3

Y. W. Huang, P. Su, G. Y. Liu, M. R. Crow, D. Chaukos et al., Constitutive Endocytosis of the Chemokine CX3CL1 Prevents Its Degradation by Cell Surface Metalloproteases, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.284, issue.43, pp.284-29644, 2009.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M109.045682

K. N. Nobles, K. Xiao, S. Ahn, A. K. Shukla, C. M. Lam et al., )-adrenergic receptor establish a barcode that encodes differential functions of beta-arrestin, Distinct phosphorylation sites on the beta, p.51, 2011.

B. Ponsioen, J. Zhao, J. Riedl, F. Zwartkruis, G. Van-der-krogt et al., Detecting cAMP-induced Epac activation by fluorescence resonance energy transfer: Epac as a novel cAMP indicator, EMBO reports, vol.86, issue.12, pp.1176-1180, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/17.20.5905

G. N. Van-der-krogt, J. Ogink, B. Ponsioen, and K. Jalink, A Comparison of Donor-Acceptor Pairs for Genetically Encoded FRET Sensors: Application to the Epac cAMP Sensor as an Example, PLoS ONE, vol.2, issue.4, p.1916, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0001916.g007

V. O. Nikolaev, M. Bunemann, L. Hein, A. Hannawacker, and M. J. Lohse, Novel Single Chain cAMP Sensors for Receptor-induced Signal Propagation, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.279, issue.36, pp.279-37215, 2004.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.C400302200

V. O. Nikolaev, M. Bunemann, E. Schmitteckert, M. J. Lohse, and S. Engelhardt, Cyclic AMP imaging in adult cardiac myocytes reveals far-reaching beta1-adrenergic but locally confined beta2-adrenergic receptor-mediated signaling, Circulation research, pp.99-1084, 2006.

C. Depry, M. D. Allen, and J. Zhang, Visualization of PKA activity in plasma membrane microdomains, Mol. BioSyst., vol.16, issue.1, pp.52-58, 2011.
DOI : 10.1039/C0MB00079E

J. B. Klarenbeek, J. Goedhart, M. A. Hink, T. W. Gadella, and K. Jalink, A mTurquoise-Based cAMP Sensor for Both FLIM and Ratiometric Read-Out Has Improved Dynamic Range, PLoS ONE, vol.5, issue.4, p.19170, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0019170.s001

M. D. Allen and J. Zhang, Subcellular dynamics of protein kinase A activity visualized by FRETbased reporters, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, pp.348-716, 2006.

J. X. Shen, S. Wachten, M. L. Halls, K. L. Everett, and D. M. Cooper, Muscarinic receptors stimulate AC2 by novel phosphorylation sites, whereas G???? subunits exert opposing effects depending on the G-protein source, Biochemical Journal, vol.281, issue.3, pp.447-393, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.05.002

J. X. Shen, D. M. Cooper, and A. Pkc, -linked muscarinic receptor and adenylate cyclase 2 cAMP signalling complex, Biochemical Journal, vol.283, issue.1, pp.455-502, 2013.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.273.42.27412

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00459284

J. O. Diraddo, E. J. Miller, H. A. Hathaway, E. Grajkowska, B. Wroblewska et al., A real-time method for measuring cAMP production modulated by Galphai/o-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, pp.349-373, 2014.

V. Shyamala, H. Khoja, and M. Moghadam, Inhibition of Adenylyl Cyclase by ?? Chemokines IL-8 and GRO-?? in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Expressing R1 and R2 Receptors, Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research, vol.18, issue.4, pp.235-239, 1998.
DOI : 10.1089/jir.1998.18.235

L. M. Dipilato and J. Zhang, The role of membrane microdomains in shaping ??2-adrenergic receptor-mediated cAMP dynamics, Molecular BioSystems, vol.281, issue.8, pp.832-837, 2009.
DOI : 10.1039/b823243a

B. Cambien, M. Pomeranz, H. Schmid-antomarchi, M. A. Millet, V. Breittmayer et al., Signal transduction pathways involved in soluble fractalkine-induced monocytic cell adhesion, Blood, vol.97, issue.7, pp.97-2031, 2001.
DOI : 10.1182/blood.V97.7.2031

S. R. Agarwal, P. C. Yang, M. Rice, C. A. Singer, V. O. Nikolaev et al., Role of Membrane Microdomains in Compartmentation of cAMP Signaling, PLoS ONE, vol.58, issue.4, p.95835, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0095835.s005

C. Combadiere, S. K. Ahuja, J. Van-damme, H. L. Tiffany, J. L. Gao et al., Monocyte chemoattractant protein-3 is a functional ligand for CC chemokine receptors 1 and 2B, J.Biol.Chem, vol.270, pp.29671-29675, 1995.

R. C. Werthmann, S. Volpe, M. J. Lohse, and D. Calebiro, Persistent cAMP signaling by internalized TSH receptors occurs in thyroid but not in HEK293 cells, The FASEB Journal, vol.26, issue.5, pp.26-2043, 2012.
DOI : 10.1096/fj.11-195248

E. Geras-raaka, S. Neumann, and M. C. Gershengorn, Persistent cAMP Signaling by TSH Receptors Revealed by Phosphodiesterase Inhibition, Thyroid, vol.23, issue.11, pp.23-1484, 2013.
DOI : 10.1089/thy.2013.0089

M. J. Lynch, G. S. Baillie, A. Mohamed, X. Li, C. Maisonneuve et al., RNA Silencing Identifies PDE4D5 as the Functionally Relevant cAMP Phosphodiesterase Interacting with ?Arrestin to Control the Protein Kinase A/AKAP79- mediated Switching of the ?2-Adrenergic Receptor to Activation of ERK in HEK293B2 Cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, pp.280-33178, 2005.

A. T. Bender and J. A. Beavo, Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases: Molecular Regulation to Clinical Use, Pharmacological Reviews, vol.58, issue.3, pp.58-488, 2006.
DOI : 10.1124/pr.58.3.5

J. S. Fine, H. D. Byrnes, P. J. Zavodny, and R. W. Hipkin, Evaluation of signal transduction pathways in chemoattractant-induced human monocyte chemotaxis, Inflammation, pp.25-61, 2001.

A. L. Hertz, A. T. Bender, K. C. Smith, P. S. Gilchrist, A. Amieux et al., Elevated cyclic AMP and PDE4 inhibition induce chemokine expression in human monocytederived macrophages, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, pp.21978-21983, 2009.

A. Chigaev, A. Waller, O. Amit, and L. A. Sklar, Galphas-coupled receptor signaling actively down-regulates alpha4beta1-integrin affinity: a possible mechanism for cell de-adhesion, BMC Immunol, vol.26, p.9, 2008.

D. Mori, H. Ishii, C. Kojima, N. Nitta, K. Nakajima et al., Cilostazol Inhibits Monocytic Cell Adhesion to Vascular Endothelium Via Upregulation of cAMP, Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, vol.14, issue.5, pp.14-213, 2007.
DOI : 10.5551/jat.E492

C. Laudanna, J. J. Campbell, and E. C. Butcher, Elevation of Intracellular cAMP Inhibits RhoA Activation and Integrin-dependent Leukocyte Adhesion Induced by Chemoattractants, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.272, issue.39, pp.272-24141, 1997.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.272.39.24141

M. Grandoch, V. Bujok, D. Fleckenstein, M. Schmidt, J. W. Fischer et al., Epac inhibits apoptosis of human leukocytes, Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol.86, issue.4, pp.86-847, 2009.
DOI : 10.1189/jlb.0109048