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. Xiao, Binding of the activating AMPK ligands AMP (?-subunit) and A-769662 (?-subunit) has to be transduced to the ?-subunit kinase domain for activation, involving conformational changes (see arrows) Top: AMPK subunits ? (green), ? (blue) and ? (magenta) (PDB 1CFF 2013)) with ?-subunit kinase domain, activation loop (AL), and regulatory interacting motif (RIM, FIGURE LEGEND Figure 1: AMPK activation 2013)) indicated (dark green) and ?-subunit carbohydrate binding module (CBM) labeled; sequences missing in the structure (dashed) include the ?-auto-inhibitory domain (AID)