P. Elias, M. Elias, D. Agnostino, and R. , Alcohol Consumption and Cognitive Performance in the Framingham Heart Study, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.150, issue.6, pp.580-589, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010056

K. Mukamal, W. Longstreth, and M. Mittleman, Alcohol Consumption and Subclinical Findings on Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study Editorial Comment: The Cardiovascular Health Study, Stroke, vol.32, issue.9, pp.1939-1985, 2001.
DOI : 10.1161/hs0901.095723

G. Zuccala, G. Onder, and C. Pedone, Dose-Related Impact of Alcohol Consumption on Cognitive Function in Advanced Age: Results of a Multicenter Survey, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, vol.29, issue.12, pp.1743-1751, 2001.
DOI : 10.1067/mcp.2000.104787

S. Kalmijn, M. Van-boxtel, and M. Verschuren, Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol Consumption in Relation to Cognitive Performance in Middle Age, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.156, issue.10, pp.936-980, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwf135

A. Ruitenberg, J. Van-swieten, and J. Witteman, Alcohol consumption and risk of dementia: the Rotterdam Study, The Lancet, vol.359, issue.9303, pp.281-287, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07493-7

C. Dufouil, P. Ducimetière, and A. Alpérovitch, Sex Differences in the Association between Alcohol Consumption and Cognitive Performance, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.146, issue.5, pp.405-417, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009293

L. Hebert, P. Scherr, and L. Beckett, Relation of Smoking and Low-to-Moderate Alcohol Consumption to Change in Cognitive Function: A Longitudinal Study in a Defined Community of Older Persons, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.137, issue.8, pp.881-91, 1993.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116749

P. Elwood, J. Gallacher, and C. Hopkinson, Smoking, drinking, and other life style factors and cognitive function in men in the Caerphilly cohort, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol.53, issue.1, pp.9-14, 1999.
DOI : 10.1136/jech.53.1.9

J. Cervilla, M. Prince, and A. Mann, Smoking, drinking, and incident cognitive impairment: a cohort community based study included in the Gospel Oak project, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol.68, issue.5, pp.622-628, 2000.
DOI : 10.1136/jnnp.68.5.622

L. Launer, E. Feskens, and S. Kalmijn, Smoking, Drinking, and Thinking: The Zutphen Elderly Study: The Zutphen Elderly Study, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.143, issue.3, pp.219-246, 1996.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008732

I. Leroi, J. Sheppard, and C. Lyketsos, Cognitive Function after 11.5 Years of Alcohol Use: Relation to Alcohol Use, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.156, issue.8, pp.747-52, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwf107

P. Rabbitt, C. Donlan, and P. Watson, Unique and interactive effects of depression, age, socioeconomic advantage, and gender on cognitive performance of normal healthy older people., Psychology and Aging, vol.10, issue.3, pp.307-320, 1995.
DOI : 10.1037/0882-7974.10.3.307

C. Holland and P. Rabbitt, The course and causes of cognitive change with advancing age, Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, vol.44, issue.01, pp.81-96, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0531-5565(87)90030-1

D. Desmond, T. Tatemichi, and M. Paik, Risk Factors for Cerebrovascular Disease as Correlates of Cognitive Function in a Stroke-Free Cohort, Archives of Neurology, vol.50, issue.2, pp.162-168, 1993.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.1993.00540020040015

L. Launer, K. Masaki, and H. Petrovitch, The Association Between Midlife Blood Pressure Levels and Late-Life Cognitive Function, JAMA, vol.274, issue.23, pp.1846-51, 1995.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1995.03530230032026

A. Singh-manoux, A. Britton, and M. Marmot, Vascular Disease and Cognitive Function: Evidence from the Whitehall II Study, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.62, issue.10, pp.1445-50, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51464.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01154137

M. Marmot, G. Smith, and S. Stansfeld, Health inequalities among British civil servants: the Whitehall II study, The Lancet, vol.337, issue.8754, pp.1387-93, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0140-6736(91)93068-K

A. Heim, AH4 group test of general intelligence ASE, 1970.

J. Raven, Guide to using the Mill Hill vocabulary scale with progressive matrices, 1965.

D. Goldberg, The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire, 1972.

J. Ware, K. Snow, and M. Kosinski, SF-36 health survey: manual and interpretation guide: The Health Institute Alcohol Consumption and Cognitive Function 247, 1993.

J. Ware, M. Kosinski, and M. Bayliss, Comparison of methods of scoring the statistical analysis of SF-36 health profile and summary measures: summary of results from the Medical Outcomes Study, Med Care, vol.33, pp.264-79, 1995.

G. Rose, The diagnosis of ischaemic heart pain and intermittent claudication in field surveys, Bull World Health Organ, vol.27, pp.645-58, 1962.

M. Richards, R. Hardy, and M. Wadsworth, Does active leisure protect cognition? Evidence from a national birth cohort, Social Science & Medicine, vol.56, issue.4, pp.785-92, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00075-8

A. Singh-manoux, M. Richards, and M. Marmot, Leisure activities and cognitive function in middle age: evidence from the Whitehall II study, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol.57, issue.11, pp.907-920, 2003.
DOI : 10.1136/jech.57.11.907
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01154130

F. Stevens, C. Kaplan, and R. Ponds, How ageing and social factors affect memory, Age and Ageing, vol.28, issue.4, pp.379-84, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/ageing/28.4.379

M. Benito-cuadrado, S. Esteba-castillo, and P. Bohm, Semantic Verbal Fluency of Animals: A Normative and Predictive Study in a Spanish Population, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Section A), vol.24, issue.8, pp.1117-1139, 2002.
DOI : 10.1076/jcen.24.8.1117.8376

J. Bryan and M. Luszcz, Measurement of Executive Function: Considerations for Detecting Adult Age Differences, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Section A), vol.22, issue.1, pp.40-55, 2000.
DOI : 10.1076/1380-3395(200002)22:1;1-8;FT040

H. Chertkow and D. Bub, SEMANTIC MEMORY LOSS IN DEMENTIA OF ALZHEIMER'S TYPE, Brain, vol.113, issue.2, pp.397-417, 1990.
DOI : 10.1093/brain/113.2.397

J. Littleton, H. Little, and R. Laverty, Role of Neuronal Calcium Channels in Ethanol Dependence: From Cell Cultures to the Intact Animal, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.17, issue.1 The Neurobiol, pp.324-358, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0028-3908(90)90163-L

F. Weight, Cellular and Molecular Physiology of Alcohol Actions in the Nervous System, Int Rev Neurobiol, vol.33, pp.289-348, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/S0074-7742(08)60694-7

K. Anstey, M. Luszcz, and L. Giles, Demographic, health, cognitive, and sensory variables as predictors of mortality in very old adults., Psychology and Aging, vol.16, issue.1, pp.3-11, 2001.
DOI : 10.1037/0882-7974.16.1.3

R. Doll, R. Peto, and E. Hall, Mortality in relation to consumption of alcohol: 13 years' observations on male British doctors, BMJ, vol.309, issue.6959, pp.911-929, 1994.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.309.6959.911

G. Mazzaglia, A. Britton, and D. Altman, Exploring the relationship between alcohol consumption and non-fatal or fatal stroke: a systematic review, Addiction, vol.96, issue.12, pp.1743-56, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961217434.x

A. Britton and K. Mcpherson, Mortality in England and Wales attributable to current alcohol consumption, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol.55, issue.6, pp.383-391, 2001.
DOI : 10.1136/jech.55.6.383