K. Christensen, G. Doblhammer, R. Rau, and J. Vaupel, Ageing populations: the challenges ahead, The Lancet, vol.374, issue.9696, pp.1196-1208, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61460-4

D. Thomas, Y. Rolland, and J. Morley, Nursing home care In Pathy' s principles and practice of geriatric medicine. 1 & 2, Fifthth edition, pp.1697-1708

S. Sonnefeld, D. Waldo, J. Lemieux, and D. Mckusick, Projections of national health expenditures through the year 2000, Health Care Financ Rev, vol.13, pp.1-15, 1991.

Y. Rolland, A. Van-kan, G. Hermabessiere, S. Gerard, S. et al., Descriptive study of nursing home residents from the REHPA network, The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, vol.21, issue.1, pp.679-683, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s12603-009-0197-4

A. El-solh, Nursing home acquired pneumonia: approach to management, Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, vol.24, issue.2, pp.148-151, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/QCO.0b013e328343b6cc

I. Scott and G. Guyatt, Cautionary Tales in the Interpretation of Clinical Studies Involving Older Persons, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.170, issue.7, pp.587-595, 2010.
DOI : 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.18

S. Dybicz, S. Thompson, S. Molotsky, and B. Stuart, Prevalence of Diabetes and the Burden of Comorbid Conditions Among Elderly Nursing Home Residents, The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy, vol.9, issue.4, pp.212-223, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2011.05.001

P. Lee, C. Cigolle, and C. Blaum, The Co-Occurrence of Chronic Diseases and Geriatric Syndromes: The Health and Retirement Study, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.116, issue.3, pp.511-516, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02150.x

Y. Rolland, S. Andrieu, A. Crochard, S. Goni, C. Hein et al., Psychotropic Drug Consumption at Admission and Discharge of Nursing Home Residents, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, vol.13, issue.4, pp.407-414, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jamda.2011.12.056

B. Tamura, C. Bell, M. Inaba, and K. Masaki, Factors Associated With Polypharmacy in Nursing Home Residents, Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, vol.28, issue.2, pp.199-216, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cger.2012.01.004

P. Lester, M. Haq, A. Vadnerkar, and M. Feuerman, Falls in the Nursing Home Setting: Does Time Matter?, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, vol.9, issue.9, pp.684-686, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jamda.2008.06.007

I. Bourdel-marchasson, How to Improve Nutritional Support in Geriatric Institutions, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, vol.11, issue.1, pp.13-20, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jamda.2009.04.003

T. Fried, E. Bradley, C. Williams, and M. Tinetti, Functional Disability and Health Care Expenditures for Older Persons, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.161, issue.21, pp.2602-2607, 2001.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.161.21.2602

C. Van-der-maarel-wierink, J. Vanobbergen, E. Bronkhorst, J. Schols, D. Baat et al., Risk Factors for Aspiration Pneumonia in Frail Older People: A Systematic Literature Review, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, vol.12, issue.5, pp.344-354, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jamda.2010.12.099

C. Murray and A. Lopez, Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study, The Lancet, vol.349, issue.9063, pp.1436-1442, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07495-8

L. Ferrucci, J. Guralnik, S. Studenski, L. Fried, G. Cutler et al., Designing Randomized, Controlled Trials Aimed at Preventing or Delaying Functional Decline and Disability in Frail, Older Persons: A Consensus Report, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.49, issue.(s, pp.625-634, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52174.x

J. Van-der-steen, D. Mehr, R. Kruse, and M. Ribbe, Treatment strategy and risk of functional decline and mortality after nursing-home acquired lower respiratory tract infection: two prospective studies in residents with dementia, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol.24, issue.10, pp.1013-1019, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/gps.1782

R. Kruse, D. Mehr, J. Van-der-steen, M. Ooms, R. Madsen et al., Antibiotic Treatment and Survival of Nursing Home Patients With Lower Respiratory Tract Infection: A Cross-National Analysis, The Annals of Family Medicine, vol.3, issue.5, pp.422-429, 2005.
DOI : 10.1370/afm.389

K. High, Chronic Infection and Frailty: Surrogate Markers, Associations, and Causality, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.57, issue.5, pp.906-908, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53277.x

G. Gavazzi and K. Krause, Ageing and infection, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol.2, issue.11, pp.659-666, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00437-1

M. Fagan, M. Maehlen, M. Lindbaek, and D. Berild, Antibiotic prescribing in nursing homes in an area with low prevalence of antibiotic resistance: Compliance with national guidelines, Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, vol.282, issue.1, pp.10-15, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/00365540701745279

J. Warren, F. Palumbo, L. Fitterman, and S. Speedie, Incidence and Characteristics of Antibiotic Use in Aged Nursing Home Patients, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.37, issue.10, pp.963-972, 1991.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb04042.x

L. Van-buul, J. Van-der-steen, R. Veenhuizen, W. Achterberg, F. Schellevis et al., Antibiotic Use and Resistance in Long Term Care Facilities, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, vol.13, issue.6, pp.568-569, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jamda.2012.04.004

K. High, Infection as a cause of age-related morbidity and mortality, Ageing Research Reviews, vol.3, issue.1, pp.1-14, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.arr.2003.08.001

D. Mehr, E. Binder, R. Kruse, S. Zweig, R. Madsen et al., Predicting Mortality in Nursing Home Residents With Lower Respiratory Tract Infection, JAMA, vol.286, issue.19, pp.2427-2436, 2001.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.286.19.2427

T. Fulop, G. Pawelec, S. Castle, and M. Loeb, Immunosenescence and Vaccination in Nursing Home Residents, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.48, issue.4, pp.443-448, 2009.
DOI : 10.1086/596475

V. Quagliarello, M. Juthani-mehta, S. Ginter, V. Towle, H. Allore et al., Pilot Testing of Intervention Protocols to Prevent Pneumonia in Nursing Home Residents, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.308, issue.7, pp.1226-1231, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02311.x

A. Ahmed, C. Hays, B. Liu, I. Aban, R. Sims et al., Predictors of In-Hospital Mortality Among Hospitalized Nursing Home Residents: An Analysis of the National Hospital Discharge Surveys 2005???2006, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, vol.11, issue.1, pp.52-58, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jamda.2009.08.003

A. Van-kan, G. Sinclair, A. Andrieu, S. , O. Rikkert et al., The geriatric minimum data set for clinical trials (GMDS), The Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging, vol.332, issue.15, pp.197-200, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02982620

A. Van-kan, G. Andrieu, S. Vellas, and B. , GerontoNet: a network of excellence for clinical trials with geriatric patients, J Nutr Health Aging, vol.11, pp.251-253, 2007.

S. Katz, A. Ford, R. Moskowitz, B. Jackson, and M. Jaffe, Studies of Illness in the Aged, JAMA, vol.185, issue.12, pp.914-919, 1963.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1963.03060120024016

M. Lawton and E. Brody, ASSESSMENT OF OLDER PEOPLE, Nursing Research, vol.19, issue.3, pp.179-186, 1969.
DOI : 10.1097/00006199-197005000-00029

R. Rabin, D. Charro, and F. , EQ-SD: a measure of health status from the EuroQol Group, Annals of Medicine, vol.36, issue.5, pp.337-343, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1008894502042

L. Fried, C. Tangen, J. Walston, A. Newman, C. Hirsch et al., Frailty in Older Adults: Evidence for a Phenotype, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol.56, issue.3, pp.146-156, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/56.3.M146

H. Hodkinson, EVALUATION OF A MENTAL TEST SCORE FOR ASSESSMENT OF MENTAL IMPAIRMENT IN THE ELDERLY, Age and Ageing, vol.1, issue.4, pp.233-238, 1972.
DOI : 10.1093/ageing/1.4.233

J. Yesavage, T. Brink, T. Rose, O. Lum, V. Huang et al., Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report, Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol.17, issue.1, pp.37-49, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4

B. Vellas, Y. Guigoz, P. Garry, F. Nourhashemi, D. Bennahum et al., The mini nutritional assessment (MNA) and its use in grading the nutritional state of elderly patients, Nutrition, vol.15, issue.2, pp.116-122, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0899-9007(98)00171-3

M. Rothan-tondeur, F. Piette, B. Lejeune, D. Wazieres, B. Gavazzi et al., GEER CRITERIA?, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.55, issue.1, pp.199-201, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02649.x

A. Mcgeer, B. Campbell, T. Emori, W. Hierholzer, M. Jackson et al., Definitions of infection for surveillance in long-term care facilities, American Journal of Infection Control, vol.19, issue.1, pp.1-7, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0196-6553(91)90154-5

J. Guralnik, E. Simonsick, L. Ferrucci, R. Glynn, L. Berkman et al., A Short Physical Performance Battery Assessing Lower Extremity Function: Association With Self-Reported Disability and Prediction of Mortality and Nursing Home Admission, Journal of Gerontology, vol.49, issue.2, pp.85-94, 1994.
DOI : 10.1093/geronj/49.2.M85

J. Guralnik, L. Ferrucci, C. Pieper, S. Leveille, K. Markides et al., Lower Extremity Function and Subsequent Disability: Consistency Across Studies, Predictive Models, and Value of Gait Speed Alone Compared With the Short Physical Performance Battery, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol.55, issue.4, pp.221-231, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/55.4.M221

T. Brinkley, X. Leng, M. Miller, D. Kitzman, M. Pahor et al., Chronic Inflammation Is Associated With Low Physical Function in Older Adults Across Multiple Comorbidities, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol.64, issue.4, pp.455-461, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/gln038

M. Cesari, B. Penninx, M. Pahor, F. Lauretani, A. Corsi et al., Inflammatory Markers and Physical Performance in Older Persons: The InCHIANTI Study, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol.59, issue.3, pp.242-248, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/59.3.M242

M. Cesari, G. Onder, V. Zamboni, T. Manini, R. Shorr et al., Physical function and self-rated health status as predictors of mortality: results from longitudinal analysis in the ilSIRENTE study, BMC Geriatrics, vol.51, issue.4, p.34, 2008.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-0579.2003.00207.x

M. Cesari, G. Onder, A. Russo, V. Zamboni, C. Barillaro et al., Comorbidity and Physical Function: Results from the Aging and Longevity Study in the Sirente Geographic Area (ilSIRENTE Study), Gerontology, vol.52, issue.1, pp.24-32, 2006.
DOI : 10.1159/000089822

Y. Rolland, V. Lauwers-cances, M. Cesari, B. Vellas, M. Pahor et al., Physical Performance Measures as Predictors of Mortality in a Cohort of Community-dwelling Older French Women, European Journal of Epidemiology, vol.52, issue.2, pp.113-122, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s10654-005-5458-x

T. Rantanen, J. Guralnik, D. Foley, K. Masaki, S. Leveille et al., Midlife Hand Grip Strength as a Predictor of Old Age Disability, JAMA, vol.281, issue.6, pp.558-560, 1999.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.281.6.558

T. Rantanen, S. Volpato, L. Ferrucci, E. Heikkinen, L. Fried et al., Handgrip Strength and Cause-Specific and Total Mortality in Older Disabled Women: Exploring the Mechanism, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.98, issue.5, pp.636-641, 2003.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-0579.2003.00207.x

R. Kruse, K. Boles, D. Mehr, D. Spalding, and J. Lave, The Cost of Treating Pneumonia in the Nursing Home Setting, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, vol.4, issue.2, pp.81-89, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1525-8610(04)70280-7

K. Szafara, R. Kruse, D. Mehr, M. Ribbe, and J. Van-der-steen, Mortality Following Nursing Home???Acquired Lower Respiratory Infection: LRI Severity, Antibiotic Treatment, and Water Intake, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, vol.13, issue.4, pp.376-383, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jamda.2011.03.004

D. Barreto, P. Lapeyre-mestre, M. Mathieu, C. Piau, C. Bouget et al., A multicentric individually-tailored controlled trial of education and professional support to nursing home staff: research protocol and baseline data of the IQUARE study, J Nutr Health Aging
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00847527

D. Middleton, C. Lin, K. Smith, R. Zimmerman, M. Nowalk et al., Conclusion., Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, vol.55, issue.05, pp.385-394, 2008.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.161.1.111