Journal articles

Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs.

Hong S. Lee ¹ Stephan Ripke ^{2, 3} Benjamin M. Neale ^{3, 2} Stephen V. Faraone ^{4, 5} Shaun M. Purcell ^{2, 3, 6} Roy H. Perlis ^{2, 7, 8} Bryan J. Mowry ^{1, 9} Anita Thapar ^{10, 11} Michael E. Goddard ^{12, 13} John S. Witte ¹⁴ Devin Absher ¹⁵ Ingrid Agartz ¹⁶ Huda Akil ¹⁷ Farooq Amin ¹⁸ Ole A. Andreassen ^{16, 19} Adebayo Anjorin ^{18, 20} Richard Anney ²¹ Verneri Anttila ³ Dan E. Arking ²² Philip Asherson ²³ Maria H. Azevedo ²⁴ Lena Backlund ²¹ Judith A. Badner ²⁵ Anthony J. Bailey ²⁶ Tobias Banaschewski ²⁷ Jack D. Barchas ²⁸ Michael R. Barnes ²⁹ Thomas B. Barrett ³⁰ Nicholas Bass ²⁰ Agatino Battaglia ³¹ Michael Bauer ³² Mònica Bayés ³³ Frank Bellivier ³⁴ Sarah E. Bergen ^{2, 8} Wade Berrettini ³⁵ Catalina Betancur ³⁶ Thomas Bettecken ³⁷ Joseph Biederman ³⁸ Elisabeth B. Binder ³⁹ Donald W. Black ⁴⁰ Douglas H. R. Blackwood ^{41, 42} Cinnamon S. Bloss ⁴³ Michael Boehnke ⁴⁴ Dorret I. Boomsma ^{45, 46} Gerome Breen ^{23, 47, 48} René Breuer ⁴⁹ Richard Bruggeman ⁵⁰ Paul Cormican ²¹ Nancy G. Buccola ⁵¹ Jan K. Buitelaar ⁵² William E. Bunney ⁵³ Joseph D. Buxbaum ^{54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60} William F. Byerley ⁶¹ Enda M. Byrne ¹ Sian Caesar ⁶² Wiepke Cahn ⁵⁶ Rita M. Cantor ⁶³ Miguel Casas ⁵⁶ Aravinda Chakravarti ^{22, 46} Kimberly Chambert ² Khalid Choudhury ²⁰ Sven Cichon ^{64, 65, 66} Robert C. Cloninger ⁵⁶ David A. Collier ^{23, 48, 67} Edwin H. Cook ⁶⁸ Hilary Coon ⁶⁹ Bru Cormand ⁵⁶ Aiden Corvin ^{21, 70} William H. Coryell ⁴⁰ David W. Craig ⁷¹ Ian W. Craig ²³ Jennifer Crosbie ⁷¹ Michael L. Cuccaro ⁷² David Curtis ⁷³ Darina Czamara ⁷⁴ Susmita Datta ⁷⁵ Geraldine Dawson ⁷⁶ Richard Day ⁷⁷ Eco J. de Geus ⁷⁸ Franziska Degenhardt ^{64, 65} Srdjan Djurovic ^{16, 79} Gary J. Donohoe ^{21, 80} Alysa E. Doyle ⁸¹ Jubao Duan ⁸² Frank Dudbridge ⁸³ Eftichia Duketis ⁸⁴ Richard P. Ebstein ⁸⁵ Howard J. Edenberg ⁸⁶ Josephine Elia ⁷¹ Sean Ennis ⁸⁷ Bruno Etain ^{34, 88} Ayman Fanous ⁸⁹ Anne E. Farmer ^{23, 48} I Nicol Ferrier ⁹⁰ Matthew Flickinger ⁹¹ Eric Fombonne ⁹² Tatiana Foroud ⁹³ Josef Frank ⁹⁴ Barbara Franke ⁹⁴ Christine Fraser ^{10, 11} Robert Freedman ⁹⁵ Nelson B. Freimer ⁹⁶ Christine M. Freitag ⁸⁴ Marion Friedl ⁹⁷ Louise Frisén ⁹⁸ Louise Gallagher ²¹ Pablo V. Gejman ⁸² Lyudmila Georgieva ^{10, 11} Elliot S. Gershon ²⁵ Daniel H. Geschwind ⁹⁹ Ina Giegling ⁹⁷ Michael Gill ²¹ Scott D. Gordon ⁹⁴ Katherine Gordon-Smith ^{11, 62, 100} Elaine K. Green ¹⁰⁰ Tiffany A. Greenwood ⁷¹ Dorothy E. Grice ¹⁰¹ Magdalena Gross ¹⁰² Detelina Grozeva ^{11, 100} Weihua Guan ^{91, 102} Hugh Gurling ²⁰ Lieuwe de Haan ¹⁰¹ Jonathan L. Haines ¹⁰³ Hakon Hakonarson ^{104, 105} Joachim Hallmayer ¹⁰⁶ Steven P. Hamilton ¹⁰⁷ Marian L. Hamshere ^{11, 100, 108} Thomas F. Hansen ¹⁰⁹ Annette M. Hartmann ⁹⁷ Martin Hautzinger ¹¹⁰ Andrew C. Heath ⁴⁶ Anjali K. Henders ¹⁰¹ Stefan Herms ⁹⁷ Ian B. Hickie ¹¹¹ Maria Hipolito ⁹⁴ Susanne Hoefels ¹⁰¹ Peter A. Holmans ^{112, 11} Florian Holsboer ¹¹³ Witte J. Hoogendijk ¹¹⁴ Jouke-Jan Hottenga ⁴⁶ Christina M. Hultman ¹¹⁵ Vanessa Hus ¹¹⁶ Andrés Ingason ¹⁰⁹ Marcus Ising ³⁷ Stéphane Jamain ³⁴ Edward G. Jones ¹¹⁷ Ian Jones ^{10, 11} Lisa Jones ⁶² Jung-ying Tzeng ¹¹⁸ Anna K. Kähler ¹¹⁹ René S. Kahn ^{120, 121} Radhika Kandaswamy ^{18, 20} Matthew C. Keller ¹¹⁹ James L. Kennedy ¹²² Elaine Kenny ^{21, 80} Lindsey Kent ¹²³ yunjung Kim ¹¹⁸ George K. Kirov ^{10, 11, 124} Sabine M. Klauck ¹²⁵ Lambertus Klei ¹⁰¹ James A. Knowles ¹²⁶ Martin A. Kohli ³⁷ Daniel L. Koller ⁹³ Bettina Konte ⁷⁸ Ania Korszun ¹⁰⁰ Lydia Krabbendam ¹¹⁹ Robert Krasucki ²⁰ Jonna Kuntsi ²³ Phoenix Kwan ⁹¹ Mikael Landén ^{115, 127} Niklas Långström ¹²⁷ Mark Lathrop ¹²⁸ Jacob Lawrence ^{18, 20} William B. Lawson ⁹⁴ Marion Leboyer ^{34, 88} David H. Ledbetter ¹²⁹ Phil H. Lee ⁸ Todd Lencz ⁶ Klaus-Peter Lesch ¹³⁰ Douglas F. Levinson ¹²⁹ Cathryn M. Lewis ^{23, 100, 131} Jun Li ¹³² Paul Lichtenstein ¹¹⁵ Jeffrey A. Lieberman ¹³⁰ Dan-yu Lin ¹¹⁸ Don H. Linszen ¹³⁰ Chunyu Liu ¹¹⁸ Falk W. Lohoff ³⁵ Sandra K. Loo ¹¹⁸ Catherine Lord ¹¹⁶ Jennifer K. Lowe ¹⁰² Susanne Lucae ¹³³ Donald J. Macintyre ¹²⁹ Pamela A. F. Madden ⁷⁸ Elena Maestrini ¹³⁴ Patrik K. E. Magnusson ¹³⁵ Pamela B. Mahon ¹³⁶ Wolfgang Maier ¹³⁵ Anil K. Malhotra ⁶ Shrikant M. Mane ¹³⁷ Christa L. Martin ¹³⁸ Nicholas G. Martin ^{45, 139} Manuel Mattheisen ^{65, 140} Keith Matthews ⁹⁰ Morten Mattingsdal ^{16, 141, 142} Steven A. Mccarroll ² Kevin A. Mcghee ^{41, 42} James J. Mcgough ¹³⁸ Patrick J. Mcgrath ¹³⁸ Peter Mcguffin ^{23, 48} Melvin G. Mcinnis ¹⁴³ Andrew Mcintosh ^{41, 42} Rebecca Mckinney ⁷¹ Alan W. Mclean ^{41, 42} Francis J. Mcmahon ^{144, 80} William M. Mcmahon ⁶⁹ Andrew Mcquillin ²⁰ Helena Medeiros ¹⁴⁵ Sarah E. Medland ⁷⁸ Sandra Meier ⁴⁹ Ingrid Melle ^{16, 19, 141, 146} Fan Meng ¹⁷ Jobst Meyer ¹³⁸ Christel M. Middeldorp ⁴⁶ Lefkos Middleton ¹⁴⁷ Vihra Milanova ¹⁴⁸ Ana Miranda ¹⁴⁹ Anthony P. Monaco ¹⁵⁰ Grant W. Montgomery ^{45, 139} Jennifer L. Moran ² Daniel Moreno-De-Luca ³⁶ Gunnar Morken ^{119, 151} Derek W. Morris ^{21, 70} Eric M. Morrow ^{152, 153} Valentina Moskvina ^{11, 124} Pierandrea Muglia ¹⁰⁸ Thomas W. Mühleisen ^{65, 64} Walter J. Muir ^{41, 42} Bertram Müller-Myhsok ¹⁵⁴ Michael Murtha ¹³⁰ Richard M. Myers ¹⁵ Inez Myin-Germeys ¹³³ Michael C. Neale ⁸⁹ Stan F. Nelson ¹³⁰ Caroline M. Nievergelt ⁷¹ Ivan Nikolov ^{10, 11} Vishwajit Nimgaonkar ¹⁵⁵ Willem A. Nolen ¹⁵⁶ Markus M. Nöthen ^{124, 130} John I. Nurnberger ⁹³ Evaristus A. Nwulia ⁹⁴ Dale R. Nyholt ⁷⁸ Colm O'Dushlaine ² Robert D. Oades ¹³³ Ann Olincy ⁹⁵ Guiomar Oliveira ^{24, 145} Line Olsen ^{89, 109} Roel A. Ophoff ¹²¹ Urban Osby ⁹⁸ Michael J. Owen ^{10, 11} Aarno Palotie ¹⁵⁷ Jeremy R. Parr ¹³⁸ Andrew D. Paterson ^{158, 159} Carlos N. Pato ⁸⁹ Michele T. Pato ⁸⁹ Brenda W. Penninx ⁴⁵ Michele L. Pergadia ⁷⁸ Margaret A. Pericak-Vance ⁷² Benjamin S. Pickard ^{41, 42} Jonathan Pimm ²⁰ Joseph Piven ¹⁶⁰ Danielle Posthuma ¹¹² James B. Potash ^{161, 162} Fritz Poustka ⁸⁴ Peter Propping ⁶⁵ Vinay Puri ²⁰ Digby J. Quested ⁹⁵ Emma M. Quinn ^{6, 21, 70} Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga ⁵⁶ Henrik B. Rasmussen ^{56, 109} Soumya Raychaudhuri ^{2, 3} Karola Rehnström ¹⁶³ Andreas Reif ¹⁶⁴ Marta Ribasés ⁹⁵ John P. Rice ¹⁶⁵ Marcella Rietschel ⁴⁹ Kathryn Roeder ¹⁶⁶ Herbert Roeyers ¹⁶⁷ Lizzy Rossin ² Aribert Rothenberger ¹⁶⁸ Guy Rouleau ¹⁶⁹ Douglas Ruderfer ⁶ Dan Rujescu ⁹⁷ Alan R. Sanders ⁸² Stephan J. Sanders ¹⁷⁰ Susan L. Santangelo ^{171, 172} Joseph A. Sergeant ¹⁷³ Russell Schachar ⁵⁶ Martin Schalling ⁹⁸ Alan F. Schatzberg ³¹ William A. Scheftner ¹⁶³ Gerard D. Schellenberg ¹⁷⁴ Stephen W. Scherer ^{158, 159} Nicholas J. Schork ¹⁷⁵ Thomas G. Schulze ^{49, 80, 161, 176} Johannes Schumacher ⁶⁵ Markus Schwarz ¹⁷⁷ Edward Scolnick ² Laura J. Scott ⁹¹ Jianxin Shi ¹⁷⁸ Paul D. Shilling ⁷¹ Stanley I. Shyn ⁵⁶ Jeremy M. Silverman ¹⁰¹ Susan L. Slager ⁵⁶ Susan L. Smalley ⁵⁶ Johannes H. Smit ^{45, 78} Erin N. Smith ⁴³ Edmund J. S. Sonuga-Barke ^{129, 179} David St Clair ⁴⁷ Matthew State ¹³⁰ Michael Steffens ¹⁴⁰ Hans-Christoph Steinhausen ¹⁸⁰ John S. Strauss ¹⁸¹ Jana Strohmaier ⁴⁹ Scott T. Stroup ⁹⁵ James S. Sutcliffe ^{103, 182, 183} Peter Szatmari ¹⁸⁴ Szabocls Szelinger ¹⁸⁵ Srinivasa Thirumalai ¹⁸⁶ Robert C. Thompson ^{17, 53} Alexandre A. Todorov ¹⁸⁷ Federica Tozzi ¹⁰⁸ Jens Treutlein ¹⁶³ Manfred Uhr ³⁷ Edwin J. C. G. van den Oord ⁵⁶ Gerard van Grootheest ¹³⁰ Jim van Os ¹³⁰ Astrid M. Vicente ^{188, 189} Veronica J. Vieland ¹⁹⁰ John B. Vincent ¹⁹¹ Peter M. Visscher ¹ Christopher A. Walsh ¹⁰⁹ Thomas H. Wassink ¹⁹² Stanley J. Watson ¹⁷ Myrna M. Weissman ¹³⁵ Thomas Werge ¹⁰⁹ Thomas F. Wienker ^{97, 140} Ellen M. Wijsman ¹⁹³ Gonneke Willemsen ⁴⁵ Nigel Williams ^{10, 11} Jeremy A. Willsey ¹³⁰ Stephanie H. Witt ⁴⁹ Wei Xu ¹⁹⁴ Allan H. young ^{90, 195} Timothy W. yu ⁵⁶ Stanley Zammit ^{10, 11} Peter P. Zandi ¹⁹⁶ Peng Zhang ¹⁹⁷ Frans G. Zitman ⁷⁸ Sebastian Zöllner ¹⁴³ Bernie Devlin ¹⁰¹ John R. Kelsoe ^{198, 199} Pamela Sklar ⁶ Mark J. Daly ^{2, 3} Michael C. O'Donovan ^{10, 11} Nicholas Craddock ^{11, 10} Patrick F. Sullivan ⁷⁸ Jordan W. Smoller ^{2, 8} Kenneth S. Kendler ⁶ Naomi R. Wray ^{1, *}

* Corresponding author

1 Queensland Brain Institute

2 Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research

3 Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit

4 Department of Psychiatry

5 Department of Neuroscience and Physiology

6 Division of Psychiatric Genomics

7 Department of Psychiatry

8 Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit

9 Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research

10 Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences

11 MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics

12 Faculty of Land and Environment

13 Biosciences Research Division

14 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics

15 HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology [Huntsville, AL]

16 KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research

17 Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory

18 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences

19 Division of Mental Health and Addiction

20 Mental Health Sciences Unit

21 Department of Psychiatry

22 McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine

23 SGDP - MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre

24 Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Science

25 Department of Psychiatry

26 Department of Psychiatry

27 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy [Mannheim]

28 Department of Psychiatry

29 Bioinformatics

30 Internal Medicine

31 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences [Stanford]

32 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy

33 CNAG - Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico

34 IMRB - Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale

35 Department of Psychiatry [Philadelphia]

36 Physiopathologie des Maladies du Système Nerveux Central

37 Center for Human Genetic Research

38 Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD

39 Division Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry

40 Department of Psychiatry

41 Division of Psychiatry

42 Medical Genetics Section

43 The Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps Health

44 Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics

45 Genetic Epidemiology Unit

46 King‘s College London

47 Institute of Medical Sciences

48 SGDP - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre

49 Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry [Mannhein]

50 Department of Psychiatry

51 School of Nursing

52 Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging

53 Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior

54 Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai

55 Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment

56 Department of Psychiatry

57 Department of Neuroscience

58 Departments of Psychiatry, Genetics and Genomic Sciences

59 Friedman Brain Institute

60 The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute

61 Department of Psychiatry

62 Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

63 Department of Human Genetics, Los Angeles

64 Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center

65 Institute of Human Genetics

66 INM-1 - Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine

67 Academic Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry

68 Department of Disability and Human Development

69 Department of Developmental Neuroscience

70 Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group

71 Department of Psychiatry

72 John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics

73 East London NHS Foundation Trust

74 Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie

75 Genetics Institute

76 Autism Speaks and the Department of Psychiatry

77 School of Neurology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry

78 Medstar Research Institute

79 Deparment of Medical Genetics

80 Human Genetics Branch

81 Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit

82 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences

83 Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology

84 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy

85 Psychology Department

86 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics

87 ACoRD - Academic Centre on Rare Diseases

88 Service de psychiatrie

89 Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics

90 University of Dundee School of Medicine

91 Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics

92 Department of Child Psychiatry

93 Department of Psychiatry

94 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences

95 Department of Psychiatry

96 Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics

97 Department of Genomics

98 Department of Molecular Medicine

99 Department of Neurology

100 MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics

101 Department of Psychiatry [Pittsburgh]

102 Fisico-Quimica Biologica

103 Vanderbilt Brain Institute

104 Department of Pediatrics

105 The Center for Applied Genomics

106 Stanford School of Medicine [Stanford]

107 Institute for Human Genetics

108 Neurosciences Centre of Excellence in Drug Discovery

109 Center for Genomic Medicine

110 Department of Clinical and Developmental Psychology

111 Clinical Research Unit

112 Functional Genomics

113 Neuronal Plasticity / Mouse Behaviour

114 Department of Psychiatry

115 MEB - Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics

116 Autism and Communicative Disorders Centre

117 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences

118 Bioinformatics Research Center

119 Department of Neuroscience

120 BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée

121 Department of Psychiatry

122 Psychiatric Neurogenetics Section

123 School of Medicine

124 Institute of Human Genetics [Erlangen, Allemagne]

125 Division of Molecular Genome Analysis

126 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

127 Insitute of Neuroscience and Physiology

128 IG - Institut de Génomique d'Evry

129 Developmental Brain and Behaviour Unit

130 Institute of Human Genetics

131 Statistical Genetics Group

132 Department of Human Genetics

133 Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry

134 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology

135 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy

136 Department of Mental Health

137 W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory

138 Institutes of Neuroscience and Health and Society

139 Queensland Institute of Medical Research

140 Department of Biomedicine and the Centre for Integrative Sequencing

141 Institute of Clinical Medicine [Oslo]

142 Sorlandet Hospital HF

143 Department of Psychiatry

144 Unit on the Genetic Basis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders

145 UNDA - Unidade de Neurodesenvolvimento e Autismo

146 Division of Mental Health and Addiction

147 Research and Development

148 Department of Psychiatry

149 Registo Oncológico Regional-Sul

150 The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics [Oxford]

151 Department of Psychiatry

152 Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior

153 Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry

154 Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM); Department of Cell Therapy

155 Human Genetics Department

156 Department of Psychiatry

157 Head of Medical Sequencing

158 Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology

159 The Centre for Applied Genomics, Toronto

160 Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities

161 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences

162 Department of Psychiatry

163 Rush University Medical Center [Chicago]

164 Department of Psychiatry

165 WUSTL - Washington University in Saint Louis

166 Department of Statistics

167 Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology

168 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

169 Department of Medicine

170 Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics

171 Department of Psychiatry

172 Department of Psychiatry

173 Free University of Amsterdam

174 Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

175 The Scripps Translational Science Institute and The Scripps Research Institute

176 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy

177 Psychiatric Center Nordbaden

178 Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics

179 Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology

180 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

181 Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Development Laboratory

182 Department of Psychiatry

183 Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics and Psychiatry

184 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences

185 TGen - The Translational Genomics Research Institute

186 Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust

187 Department of Psychiatry

188 INSA - Instituto Nacional de Saùde Dr Ricardo Jorge [Portugal]

189 BioFIG

190 Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine

191 Department of Psychiatry

192 Department of Psychiatry

193 Departments of Biostatistics and Medicine

194 ArcelorMittal Maizières Research SA

195 Institute of Mental Health

196 Department of Mental Health

197 University of Michigan [Ann Arbor]

198 Department of Psychiatry

199 Department of Psychiatry

Abstract : Most psychiatric disorders are moderately to highly heritable. The degree to which genetic variation is unique to individual disorders or shared across disorders is unclear. To examine shared genetic etiology, we use genome-wide genotype data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) for cases and controls in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We apply univariate and bivariate methods for the estimation of genetic variation within and covariation between disorders. SNPs explained 17-29% of the variance in liability. The genetic correlation calculated using common SNPs was high between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (0.68 ± 0.04 s.e.), moderate between schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (0.43 ± 0.06 s.e.), bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder (0.47 ± 0.06 s.e.), and ADHD and major depressive disorder (0.32 ± 0.07 s.e.), low between schizophrenia and ASD (0.16 ± 0.06 s.e.) and non-significant for other pairs of disorders as well as between psychiatric disorders and the negative control of Crohn's disease. This empirical evidence of shared genetic etiology for psychiatric disorders can inform nosology and encourages the investigation of common pathophysiologies for related disorders.

Document type :

Journal articles

Domain :

Life Sciences [q-bio] / Biochemistry, Molecular Biology

Complete list of metadata

Cited literature [64 references] Display Hide Download

https://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00864642
Contributor : Georges Guellaen Connect in order to contact the contributor
Submitted on : Friday, March 28, 2014 - 3:06:49 PM
Last modification on : Tuesday, May 3, 2022 - 3:14:03 PM
Long-term archiving on: : Saturday, June 28, 2014 - 10:36:49 AM