P. Damier, E. C. Hirsch, Y. Agid, and A. M. Graybiel, The substantia nigra of the human brain: II. Patterns of loss of dopamine-containing neurons in Parkinson's disease, Brain, vol.122, issue.8, pp.1437-1448, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/brain/122.8.1437

A. Bjorklund and S. B. Dunnett, Dopamine neuron systems in the brain: an update, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.30, issue.5, pp.194-202, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tins.2007.03.006

K. R. Chaudhuri and A. H. Schapira, Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: dopaminergic pathophysiology and treatment, The Lancet Neurology, vol.8, issue.5, pp.464-474, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70068-7

P. Krack, M. I. Hariz, C. Baunez, J. Guridi, and J. A. Obeso, Deep brain stimulation: from neurology to psychiatry?, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.33, issue.10, pp.474-484, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tins.2010.07.002

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00593713

S. Thobois, Non-motor dopamine withdrawal syndrome after surgery for Parkinson's disease: predictors and underlying mesolimbic denervation, Brain, vol.133, issue.4, pp.1111-1127, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/brain/awq032

URL : http://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awq032

L. Moal, M. Simon, and H. , Mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic network: functional and regulatory roles, Physiol Rev, vol.71, pp.155-234, 1991.

A. Nieoullon and A. Coquerel, Dopamine, Current Opinion in Neurology, vol.16, issue.2, pp.3-9, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/00019052-200312002-00002

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00307886

G. F. Koob, H. Simon, J. P. Herman, and M. Le-moal, Neuroleptic-like distruption of the conditioned avoidance response requires destruction of both the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine systems, Brain Research, vol.303, issue.2, pp.319-329, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-8993(84)91218-6

H. S. Lindgren and S. B. Dunnett, Cognitive dysfunction and depression in Parkinson???s disease: what can be learned from rodent models?, European Journal of Neuroscience, vol.13, issue.Suppl 2, pp.1894-1907, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08162.x

S. J. Kish, K. Shannak, and O. Hornykiewicz, Uneven Pattern of Dopamine Loss in the Striatum of Patients with Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.318, issue.14, pp.876-880, 1988.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM198804073181402

D. Kirik, C. Rosenblad, and A. Bjorklund, Characterization of Behavioral and Neurodegenerative Changes Following Partial Lesions of the Nigrostriatal Dopamine System Induced by Intrastriatal 6-Hydroxydopamine in the Rat, Experimental Neurology, vol.152, issue.2, pp.259-277, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/exnr.1998.6848

R. S. Marin, Apathy: a neuropsychiatric syndrome, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, vol.3, pp.243-254, 1991.

R. Levy and B. Dubois, Apathy and the Functional Anatomy of the Prefrontal Cortex-Basal Ganglia Circuits, Cerebral Cortex, vol.16, issue.7, pp.916-928, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/cercor/bhj043

L. Schmidt, Disconnecting force from money: effects of basal ganglia damage on incentive motivation, Brain, vol.131, issue.5, pp.1303-1310, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/brain/awn045

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00333398

V. Czernecki, Apathy following subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson disease: A dopamine responsive symptom, Movement Disorders, vol.172, issue.7, pp.964-969, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/mds.21949

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00805452

S. Pecina, B. Cagniard, K. C. Berridge, J. W. Aldridge, and X. Zhuang, P54 HYPERDOPAMINERGIC MUTANT MICE HAVE HIGHER ???WANTING??? BUT NOT ???LIKING??? FOR SWEET REWARDS, Behavioural Pharmacology, vol.15, issue.5, pp.9395-9402, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/00008877-200409000-00094

A. Ettenberg, Opponent process properties of self-administered cocaine, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, vol.27, issue.8, pp.721-728, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.11.009

W. Hodos, Progressive Ratio as a Measure of Reward Strength, Science, vol.134, issue.3483, pp.943-944, 1961.
DOI : 10.1126/science.134.3483.943

V. Deroche-gamonet, F. Piat, L. Moal, M. Piazza, and P. , Influence of cue-conditioning on acquisition, maintenance and relapse of cocaine intravenous self-administration, European Journal of Neuroscience, vol.110, issue.Suppl. 2, pp.1363-1370, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s002130050540

J. Olds, Drives and reinforcements: Behavioral studies of hypothalamic functions, 1977.

M. T. Tadaiesky, Emotional, cognitive and neurochemical alterations in a premotor stage model of Parkinson's disease, Neuroscience, vol.156, issue.4, pp.830-840, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.035

C. A. Brown, Dopamine pathway loss in nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area predicts apathetic behavior in MPTP-lesioned monkeys, Experimental Neurology, vol.236, issue.1, pp.190-197, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.04.025

D. Belin, S. Jonkman, A. Dickinson, T. W. Robbins, and B. J. Everitt, Parallel and interactive learning processes within the basal ganglia: Relevance for the understanding of addiction, Behavioural Brain Research, vol.199, issue.1
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.09.027

E. S. Bromberg-martin, M. Matsumoto, and O. Hikosaka, Dopamine in Motivational Control: Rewarding, Aversive, and Alerting, Neuron, vol.68, issue.5, pp.815-834, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.022

S. Ikemoto, Dopamine reward circuitry: Two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens???olfactory tubercle complex, Brain Research Reviews, vol.56, issue.1, pp.27-78, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.05.004

R. A. Wise, Roles for nigrostriatal???not just mesocorticolimbic???dopamine in reward and addiction, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.32, issue.10, pp.517-524, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tins.2009.06.004

H. H. Yin and B. J. Knowlton, The role of the basal ganglia in habit formation, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.9, issue.6, pp.464-476, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nrn1919

P. Sokoloff, The dopamine D3 receptor: a therapeutic target for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets, vol.5, pp.25-43, 2006.

D. Aarsland, S. Pahlhagen, C. G. Ballard, U. Ehrt, and P. Svenningsson, Depression in Parkinson disease???epidemiology, mechanisms and management, Nature Reviews Neurology, vol.18, issue.1, pp.35-47, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/nrneurol.2011.189

P. Barone, Treatment of depressive symptoms in Parkinson???s disease, European Journal of Neurology, vol.9, issue.Suppl 6, pp.11-15, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03325.x

W. J. Barnhart, E. H. Makela, and M. J. Latocha, SSRI-Induced Apathy Syndrome: A Clinical Review, Journal of Psychiatric Practice, vol.10, issue.3, pp.196-199, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/00131746-200405000-00010

A. Adell and F. Artigas, The somatodendritic release of dopamine in the ventral tegmental area and its regulation by afferent transmitter systems, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, vol.28, issue.4, pp.415-431, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.05.001

P. Barone, Neurotransmission in Parkinson???s disease: beyond dopamine, European Journal of Neurology, vol.148, issue.Suppl. 3, pp.364-376, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02900.x

S. Navailles, A. Benazzouz, B. Bioulac, C. Gross, and P. De-deurwaerdere, High-Frequency Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus and L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine Inhibit In Vivo Serotonin Release in the Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.30, issue.6, pp.2356-2364, 2010.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5031-09.2010

G. Paxinos and C. Watson, The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates, 1998.

G. Paxinos and C. Watson, The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates, 2005.

R. K. Schwarting and J. P. Huston, UNILATERAL 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE LESIONS OF MESO-STRIATAL DOPAMINE NEURONS AND THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL SEQUELAE, Progress in Neurobiology, vol.49, issue.3, pp.215-266, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0301-0082(96)00015-9

S. Boulet, Subthalamic Stimulation-Induced Forelimb Dyskinesias Are Linked to an Increase in Glutamate Levels in the Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.26, issue.42, pp.10768-10776, 2006.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3065-06.2006

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00391608

P. Voorn, L. J. Vanderschuren, H. J. Groenewegen, T. W. Robbins, and C. M. Pennartz, Putting a spin on the dorsal???ventral divide of the striatum, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.27, issue.8, pp.468-474, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tins.2004.06.006

C. Dentresangle, M. Le-cavorsin, M. Savasta, and V. Leviel, Increased extracellular DA and normal evoked DA release in the rat striatum after a partial lesion of the substantia nigra, Brain Research, vol.893, issue.1-2, pp.178-185, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)03311-4

M. Olsson, G. Nikkhah, C. Bentlage, and A. Bjorklund, Forelimb akinesia in the rat Parkinson model: differential effects of dopamine agonists and nigral transplants as assessed by a new stepping test, J Neurosci, vol.15, pp.3863-3875, 1995.

E. Takaki, Maintenance of Olfactory Neurogenesis Requires HSF1, a Major Heat Shock Transcription Factor in Mice, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.281, issue.8, pp.4931-4937, 2006.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M506911200

F. Lelan, Effects of Human Alpha-Synuclein A53T-A30P Mutations on SVZ and Local Olfactory Bulb Cell Proliferation in a Transgenic Rat Model of Parkinson Disease, Parkinson's Disease, vol.82, issue.2, p.987084, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/mds.22464

C. Baunez, C. Dias, M. Cador, and M. Amalric, The subthalamic nucleus exerts opposite control on cocaine and 'natural' rewards, Nature Neuroscience, vol.23, pp.484-489, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/0091-3057(93)90503-L

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01384885

S. Carnicella, V. Kharazia, J. Jeanblanc, P. H. Janak, and D. Ron, GDNF is a fast-acting potent inhibitor of alcohol consumption and relapse, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.105, issue.23, pp.8114-8119, 2008.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0711755105

N. R. Richardson and D. C. Roberts, Progressive ratio schedules in drug self-administration studies in rats: a method to evaluate reinforcing efficacy, Journal of Neuroscience Methods, vol.66, issue.1, pp.1-11, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-0270(95)00153-0

D. Belin, N. Berson, E. Balado, P. V. Piazza, and V. Deroche-gamonet, High-Novelty-Preference Rats are Predisposed to Compulsive Cocaine Self-administration, Neuropsychopharmacology, vol.74, issue.3, pp.569-579, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-1781(79)90007-6

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00589419