D. Bentley, G. Millet, V. Vleck, and L. Mcnaughton, Specific Aspects of Contemporary Triathlon, Sports Medicine, vol.18, issue.4, pp.345-359, 2002.
DOI : 10.2165/00007256-200232060-00001

B. Knechtle, P. Knechtle, and R. Lepers, Participation and performance trends in ultra-triathlons from 1985 to 2009, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, vol.30, issue.6, pp.82-90, 1985.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01160.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00697141

M. Hoffman and J. Wegelin, The Western States 100-Mile Endurance Run, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.41, issue.12, pp.2191-2198, 2009.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a8d553

M. Hoffman, Performance Trends in 161-km Ultramarathons, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.31, issue.01, pp.31-37, 2010.
DOI : 10.1055/s-0029-1239561

R. Lepers, C. Rüst, P. Stapley, and B. Knechtle, Relative improvements in endurance performance with age: evidence from 25??years of Hawaii Ironman racing, AGE, vol.43, issue.3, pp.953-962
DOI : 10.1007/s11357-012-9392-z

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00676663

R. Lepers, Analysis of Hawaii Ironman Performances in Elite Triathletes from 1981 to 2007, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.40, issue.10, pp.1828-1834, 1981.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817e91a4

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00325831

J. Bam, T. Noakes, J. Juritz, and S. Dennis, Could women outrun men in ultramarathon races? Med Sci Sports Exerc, pp.244-247, 1997.

J. Coast, J. Blevins, and B. Wilson, Do Gender Differences in Running Performance Disappear With Distance?, Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.29, issue.2, pp.139-145, 2004.
DOI : 10.1139/h04-010

R. Beneke, R. Leithauser, and M. Doppelmayr, Women will do it in the long run, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.39, issue.7, p.410, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.2004.017574

B. Knechtle, C. Rüst, T. Rosemann, and R. Lepers, Age-related changes in 100-km ultra-marathon running performance, AGE, vol.31, issue.4, pp.1033-1045, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s11357-011-9290-9

R. Lepers and N. Maffiuletti, Age and Gender Interactions in Ultraendurance Performance, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.43, issue.1, pp.134-139, 2011.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181e57997

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00702352

C. Rüst, B. Knechtle, P. Knechtle, T. Rosemann, and R. Lepers, Participation and Performance Trends in Triple Iron Ultra-triathlon ??? a Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Data Analysis, Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.3, issue.3, pp.145-152, 2012.
DOI : 10.5812/asjsm.34605

D. Leyk, O. Erley, D. Ridder, M. Leurs, T. Ruther et al., Age-related Changes in Marathon and Half-Marathon Performances, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.28, issue.6, pp.513-517, 2007.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2006-924658

V. Wright and B. Perricelli, Age-Related Rates of Decline in Performance among Elite Senior Athletes, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.50, issue.5, pp.443-450, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/253264a0

A. Baker, Y. Tang, and M. Turner, Percentage Decline in Masters Superathlete Track and Field Performance With Aging, Experimental Aging Research, vol.29, issue.1, pp.47-65, 2003.
DOI : 10.1080/03610730303706

B. Knechtle, . Rüst, T. Rosemann, and R. Lepers, Age and gender differences in half-ironman triathlon performances-the ironman 70.3 Switzerland from, Open Access J Sports Med, vol.3, pp.59-66, 2007.

C. Rüst, B. Knechtle, T. Rosemann, and R. Lepers, Sex difference in race performance and age of peak performance in the Ironman Triathlon World Championship from 1983 to 2012, Extreme Physiology & Medicine, vol.1, issue.1, p.15, 2012.
DOI : 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318204caa0

B. Knechtle, C. Rust, P. Knechtle, T. Rosemann, and R. Lepers, Age-related changes in ultra-triathlon performances, Extreme Physiology & Medicine, vol.1, issue.1, p.5, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00421-010-1633-1

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00752141

B. Knechtle, P. Knechtle, J. Andonie, and G. Kohler, Influence of anthropometry on race performance in extreme endurance triathletes: World Challenge Deca Iron Triathlon 2006, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.41, issue.10, pp.644-648, 2007.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.2006.035014

B. Knechtle, P. Knechtle, R. Schèck, J. Andonie, and G. Kohler, Effects of a Deca Iron Triathlon on Body Composition - A Case Study, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.29, issue.4, pp.343-351, 2008.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2007-965354

L. Herbst, B. Knechtle, C. Lopez, J. Andonie, O. Fraire et al., Pacing Strategy and Change in Body Composition during a Deca Iron Triathlon, The Chinese Journal of Physiology, vol.54, issue.4, pp.255-263, 2011.
DOI : 10.4077/CJP.2011.AMM115

A. Lucia, J. Hoyos, A. Santalla, C. Earnest, and J. Chicharro, Tour de France versus Vuelta a Espana: which is harder?, Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol.35, pp.872-878, 2003.

J. Rodríguez-marroyo, J. García-lópez, C. Juneau, and J. Villa, Workload demands in professional multi-stage cycling races of varying duration, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.43, issue.3
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.2007.043125

M. Lee and K. Tanaka, Significance of Health Fitness Appraisal in an Aging Society., APPLIED HUMAN SCIENCE Journal of Physiological Anthropology, vol.16, issue.4, pp.123-131, 1997.
DOI : 10.2114/jpa.16.123

R. Krouse, L. Ransdell, S. Lucas, and M. Pritchard, Motivation, Goal Orientation, Coaching, and Training Habits of Women Ultrarunners, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol.25, pp.2835-2842, 2011.
DOI : 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318207e964

M. Lombardo, On the Evolution of Sport, Evolutionary Psychology, vol.72, issue.1, pp.1-28, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01842.x

C. Zaryski and D. Smith, Training Principles and Issues for Ultra-endurance Athletes, Current Sports Medicine Reports, vol.4, issue.3, pp.165-170, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CSMR.0000306201.49315.73

S. Hunter and A. Stevens, Sex Differences in Marathon Running with Advanced Age, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.45, issue.1, pp.148-156, 2012.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31826900f6

S. Jeffery, B. Knechtle, C. Rüst, P. Knechtle, T. Rosemann et al., European dominance in Triple Iron ultra-triathlons from 1988 to 2011, J Sci Cycling, vol.1, pp.30-38, 2012.

G. Berthelot, S. Len, P. Hellard, M. Tafflet, M. Guillaume et al., Exponential growth combined with exponential decline explains lifetime performance evolution in individual and human species, AGE, vol.12, issue.9, pp.1001-1009, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s11357-011-9274-9

R. Schulz and C. Curnow, Peak Performance and Age Among Superathletes: Track and Field, Swimming, Baseball, Tennis, and Golf, Journal of Gerontology, vol.43, issue.5, pp.113-120, 1988.
DOI : 10.1093/geronj/43.5.P113

B. Knechtle, P. Knechtle, T. Rosemann, and O. Senn, Personal Best Time, not Anthropometry or Training Volume, is Associated With Total Race Time in a Triple Iron Triathlon, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol.25, issue.4, pp.1142-1150, 2011.
DOI : 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d09f0f

E. Faria, D. Parker, and I. Faria, The Science of Cycling, Sports Medicine, vol.28, issue.4, pp.313-337, 2005.
DOI : 10.2165/00007256-200535040-00003

C. Knoth, B. Knechtle, C. Rust, T. Rosemann, and R. Lepers, Participation and performance trends in multistage ultramarathons???the ???Marathon des Sables??? 2003???2012, Extreme Physiology & Medicine, vol.1, issue.1, p.13, 2003.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318221bfe3

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00788099

B. Knechtle, A. Wirth, B. Baumann, P. Knechtle, T. Rosemann et al., Differential Correlations Between Anthropometry, Training Volume, and Performance in Male and Female Ironman Triathletes, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol.24, issue.10, pp.2785-2793, 2010.
DOI : 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c643b6

S. Hanrahan and E. Cerin, Gender, level of participation, and type of sport: Differences in achievement goal orientation and attributional style, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, vol.12, issue.4, pp.508-512, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.01.005

R. Deaner, Distance Running as an Ideal Domain for Showing a Sex Difference in Competitiveness, Archives of Sexual Behavior, vol.26, issue.1, pp.413-441
DOI : 10.1007/s10508-012-9965-z

R. Deaner and D. Mitchell, More men run relatively fast in U.S. road races: a stable sex difference in non-elite runners, Evol Psychol, vol.9, pp.600-621, 1981.

M. Tarnopolsky, Gender Differences in Substrate Metabolism During Endurance Exercise, Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.25, issue.4, pp.312-327, 2000.
DOI : 10.1139/h00-024

C. Abbiss, M. Quod, D. Martin, K. Netto, K. Nosaka et al., Dynamic Pacing Strategies during the Cycle Phase of an Ironman Triathlon, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.38, issue.4, pp.726-734, 2006.
DOI : 10.1249/01.mss.0000210202.33070.55

R. Lepers, F. Sultana, T. Bernard, C. Hausswirth, and J. Brisswalter, Age-Related Changes in Triathlon Performances, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.31, issue.04, pp.251-256, 2010.
DOI : 10.1055/s-0029-1243647

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00752141

M. Stiefel, B. Knechtle, and R. Lepers, Master triathletes have not reached limits in their Ironman triathlon performance, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, vol.36, issue.140
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01473.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01159601

L. Ransdell, J. Vener, and J. Huberty, Masters Athletes: An Analysis of Running, Swimming and Cycling Performance by Age and Gender, Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, vol.7, issue.2, pp.61-73, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S1728-869X(09)60024-1

H. Tanaka and D. Seals, Invited Review: Dynamic exercise performance in Masters athletes: insight into the effects of primary human aging on physiological functional capacity, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.95, issue.5, pp.2152-2162, 2003.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00320.2003

H. Tanaka and D. Seals, Endurance exercise performance in Masters athletes: age-associated changes and underlying physiological mechanisms, The Journal of Physiology, vol.75, issue.1
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.141879

B. Knechtle, A. Wirth, and T. Rosemann, Predictors of race time in male ironman triathletes: physical characteristics, training, or prerace experience? Percept Mot Skills, pp.437-446, 2010.

R. Lepers and T. Cattagni, Do older athletes reach limits in their performance during marathon running?, AGE, vol.41, issue.3, pp.773-781, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s11357-011-9271-z

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00596872

A. Jeukendrup, R. Jentjens, and L. Moseley, Nutritional Considerations in Triathlon, Sports Medicine, vol.12, issue.4, pp.163-181, 2005.
DOI : 10.2165/00007256-200535020-00005

C. Rüst, B. Knechtle, P. Knechtle, and T. Rosemann, Higher prevalence of exercise-associated hyponatremia in triple iron ultra-triathletes than reported for ironman triathletes, Chin J Physiol, vol.55, pp.147-155, 2012.

B. Knechtle, P. Knechtle, T. Rosemann, and S. Oliver, A Triple Iron Triathlon Leads to a Decrease in Total Body Mass But Not to Dehydration, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, vol.52, issue.3, pp.319-327, 2010.
DOI : 10.1080/02701367.2010.10599680

J. Wegelin and M. Hoffman, Variables associated with odds of finishing and finish time in a 161-km ultramarathon, European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.36, issue.9, pp.145-153, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00421-010-1633-1

O. Connor, L. Vozenilek, and J. , Is it the athlete or the equipment? An analysis of the top swim performances from 1990 to 2010, J Strength Cond Res, vol.25, pp.3239-3241, 2011.

B. Knechtle, P. Knechtle, T. Rosemann, and O. Senn, Personal Best Time and Training Volume, Not Anthropometry, is Related to Race Performance in the ???Swiss Bike Masters??? Mountain Bike Ultramarathon, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol.25, issue.5, pp.1312-1317, 2011.
DOI : 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d85ac4

B. Knechtle, A. Wirth, B. Baumann, P. Knechtle, and T. Rosemann, Personal Best Time, Percent Body Fat, and Training Are Differently Associated With Race Time for Male and Female Ironman Triathletes, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, vol.22, issue.1, pp.62-68, 2010.
DOI : 10.1080/02701367.2010.10599628

D. Gallmann, B. Knechtle, C. Rüst, T. Rosemann, and R. Lepers, Elite triathletes in ???Ironman Hawaii??? get older but faster, AGE, vol.36, issue.1
DOI : 10.1007/s11357-013-9534-y

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01159572