. Assay-;-g-csf, Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; HLA: Human leukocyte antigens; HMGB1: High mobility group protein B1; ICAM 1: Intercellular adhesion molecule 1; ICU: Intensive care unit; IFN-?: Interferongamma ; IL: Interleukin; IP-10: Interferon gamma-induced protein 10

F. Paris, 15 Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, p.38043

F. Grenoble, Centre hospitalier de Versailles, 177, rue de Versailles, 78150 Le Chesnay, France. 17 Intensive Care -SIRS Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, 4 rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, Geneva, vol.16, issue.14, pp.75014-75034, 1211.

A. Atkinson, W. Colburn, V. Degruttola, D. Demets, G. Downing et al., Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework, Clin Pharmacol Ther, vol.69, pp.89-95, 2001.

D. Gruttola, V. Clax, P. Demets, D. Downing, G. Ellenberg et al., Considerations in the Evaluation of Surrogate Endpoints in Clinical Trials, Controlled Clinical Trials, vol.22, issue.5, pp.485-502, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0197-2456(01)00153-2

D. Barraud, S. Gibot, and . Cnerm, Apport des Marqueurs Biologiques de l'Infection aux Urgences et en Réanimation, Réanimation Médicale, pp.988-992, 2009.

J. Kaplan and H. Wong, Biomarker discovery and development in pediatric critical care medicine*, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, vol.12, issue.2, pp.165-173, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181e28876

P. Schuetz, M. Christ-crain, and B. Muller, Procalcitonin and other biomarkers to improve assessment and antibiotic stewardship in infections?hope for hype, Swiss Med Wkly, vol.139, pp.318-326, 2009.

A. Dupuy, N. Kuster, G. Lizard, K. Ragot, S. Lehmann et al., Performance evaluation of human cytokines profiles obtained by various multiplexed-based technologies underlines a need for standardization, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, vol.51, issue.7, pp.1-9
DOI : 10.1515/cclm-2012-0648

A. Lever and I. Mackenzie, Sepsis: definition, epidemiology, and diagnosis, BMJ, vol.335, issue.7625, pp.879-883, 2007.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.39346.495880.AE

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2043413

C. Pierrakos and J. Vincent, Sepsis biomarkers: a review, Critical Care, vol.14, issue.1, p.15, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/cc8872

S. Standage and H. Wong, Biomarkers for pediatric sepsis and septic shock, Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, vol.9, issue.1, pp.71-79, 2011.
DOI : 10.1586/eri.10.154

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033193

S. Ehl, B. Gering, P. Bartmann, J. Hogel, and F. Pohlandt, C-Reactive Protein Is a Useful Marker for Guiding Duration of Antibiotic Therapy in Suspected Neonatal Bacterial Infection, PEDIATRICS, vol.99, issue.2, pp.216-221, 1997.
DOI : 10.1542/peds.99.2.216

H. Bomela, D. Ballot, B. Cory, and P. Cooper, Use of C-reactive protein to guide duration of empiric antibiotic therapy in suspected early neonatal sepsis, The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, vol.19, issue.6, pp.531-535, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00006454-200006000-00008

R. Jaswal, R. Kaushal, A. Goel, and K. Pathania, Role of C-reactive protein in deciding duration of antibiotic therapy in neonatal septicemia, Indian Pediatr, vol.40, pp.880-883, 2003.

M. Christ-crain, D. Stolz, R. Bingisser, C. Muller, D. Miedinger et al., Procalcitonin Guidance of Antibiotic Therapy in Community-acquired Pneumonia, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.174, issue.1, pp.84-93, 2006.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.200512-1922OC

M. Briel, P. Schuetz, B. Mueller, J. Young, U. Schild et al., Procalcitonin-Guided Antibiotic Use vs a Standard Approach for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Primary Care, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.168, issue.18, pp.2000-2007, 2007.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.168.18.2000

P. Schuetz, M. Christ-crain, R. Thomann, C. Falconnier, M. Wolbers et al., Effect of Procalcitonin-Based Guidelines vs Standard Guidelines on Antibiotic Use in Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, JAMA, vol.302, issue.10, pp.1059-1066, 2009.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.2009.1297

O. Burkhardt, S. Ewig, U. Haagen, S. Giersdorf, O. Hartmann et al., Procalcitonin guidance and reduction of antibiotic use in acute respiratory tract infection, European Respiratory Journal, vol.36, issue.3, pp.601-607, 2010.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.00163309

P. Schuetz, M. Briel, M. Christ-crain, D. Stolz, L. Bouadma et al., Procalcitonin to Guide Initiation and Duration of Antibiotic Treatment in Acute Respiratory Infections: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.55, issue.5, pp.651-662, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/cid/cis464

V. Nobre, S. Harbarth, J. Graf, P. Rohner, and J. Pugin, Use of Procalcitonin to Shorten Antibiotic Treatment Duration in Septic Patients, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.177, issue.5, pp.498-505, 2008.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.200708-1238OC

M. Hochreiter, T. Kohler, A. Schweiger, F. Keck, B. Bein et al., Procalcitonin to guide duration of antibiotic therapy in intensive care patients: a randomized prospective controlled trial, Critical Care, vol.13, issue.3, p.83, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/cc7903

D. Stolz, N. Smyrnios, P. Eggimann, H. Pargger, N. Thakkar et al., Procalcitonin for reduced antibiotic exposure in ventilator-associated pneumonia: a randomised study, European Respiratory Journal, vol.34, issue.6, pp.1364-1375, 2009.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.00053209

L. Bouadma, C. Luyt, F. Tubach, C. Cracco, A. Alvarez et al., Use of procalcitonin to reduce patients' exposure to antibiotics in intensive care units (PRORATA trial): a multicentre randomised controlled trial, The Lancet, vol.375, issue.9713, pp.463-474, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61879-1

M. Stocker, M. Fontana, E. Helou, S. Wegscheider, K. Berger et al., Use of Procalcitonin-Guided Decision-Making to Shorten Antibiotic Therapy in Suspected Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis: Prospective Randomized Intervention Trial, Neonatology, vol.97, issue.2, pp.165-174, 2010.
DOI : 10.1159/000241296

S. Gibot and A. Cravoisy, Soluble Form of the Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 as a Marker of Microbial Infection, Clinical Medicine & Research, vol.2, issue.3, pp.181-187, 2004.
DOI : 10.3121/cmr.2.3.181

S. Gibot, A. Cravoisy, B. Levy, M. Bene, G. Faure et al., Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells and the Diagnosis of Pneumonia, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.350, issue.5, pp.451-458, 2004.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa031544

J. Bishara, N. Hadari, M. Shalita-chesner, Z. Samra, O. Ofir et al., Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 for distinguishing bacterial from aseptic meningitis in adults, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, vol.74, issue.9, pp.647-650, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10096-007-0343-z

R. Determann, M. Weisfelt, J. De-gans, A. Van-der-ende, M. Schultz et al., Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1: a??biomarker for bacterial meningitis, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.141, issue.8, pp.1243-1247, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-006-0240-4

L. Gamez-diaz, L. Enriquez, J. Matute, S. Velasquez, I. Gomez et al., Diagnostic Accuracy of HMGB-1, sTREM-1, and CD64 as Markers of Sepsis in Patients Recently Admitted to the Emergency Department, Academic Emergency Medicine, vol.83, issue.Suppl 2, pp.807-815, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01113.x

M. Suarez-santamaria, F. Santolaria, A. Perez-ramirez, M. Aleman-valls, A. Martinez-riera et al., Prognostic value of inflammatory markers (notably cytokines and procalcitonin), nutritional assessment, and organ function in patients with sepsis, Eur Cytokine Netw, vol.21, pp.19-26, 2010.

S. Jeong, Y. Song, C. Kim, H. Kim, N. Ku et al., Measurement of Plasma STREM-1 in Patients With Severe Sepsis Receiving Early Goal-Directed Therapy and Evaluation of Its Usefulness, Shock, vol.37, issue.6, pp.574-578, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/SHK.0b013e318250da40

S. Lawn, L. Myer, N. Bangani, M. Vogt, and R. Wood, Plasma levels of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and early mortality risk among patients enrolling for antiretroviral treatment in South Africa, BMC Infectious Diseases, vol.12, issue.1, p.41, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-199813000-00011

S. Ostrowski, P. Ravn, G. Hoyer-hansen, H. Ullum, and A. Andersen, Elevated levels of soluble urokinase receptor in serum from mycobacteria infected patients: Still looking for a marker of treatment efficacy, Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.24, issue.11-12, pp.1028-1032, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nm0396-287

M. Perch, P. Kofoed, T. Fischer, F. Co, L. Rombo et al., Serum levels of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor is associated with parasitemia in children with acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection, Parasite Immunology, vol.99, issue.5, pp.207-211, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/jnci/91.10.869

A. Koch and F. Tacke, Why high suPAR is not super - diagnostic, prognostic and potential pathogenic properties of a novel biomarker in the ICU, Critical Care, vol.15, issue.6, p.1020, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/nm.2411

K. Donadello, C. Covajes, S. Scolletta, F. Taccone, C. Santonocito et al., Clinical value of suPAR, a new biomarker, Intensive Care Med, vol.37, p.199, 2011.

R. Huttunen, J. Syrjanen, R. Vuento, M. Hurme, H. Huhtala et al., Plasma level of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor as a predictor of disease severity and case fatality in patients with bacteraemia: a prospective cohort study, Journal of Internal Medicine, vol.345, issue.1, pp.32-40, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02363.x

M. Fine, T. Auble, D. Yealy, B. Hanusa, L. Weissfeld et al., A Prediction Rule to Identify Low-Risk Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.336, issue.4, pp.243-250, 1997.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199701233360402

D. Huang, L. Weissfeld, J. Kellum, D. Yealy, L. Kong et al., Risk prediction with procalcitonin and clinical rules in communityacquired pneumonia, Ann Emerg Med, issue.48, pp.5258-5300, 2008.

B. Suberviola, A. Castellanos-ortega, J. Llorca, F. Ortiz, D. Iglesias et al., Prognostic value of proadrenomedullin in severe sepsis and septic shock patients with community-acquired pneumonia, Swiss Med Wkly, vol.142, p.13542, 2012.

M. Christ-crain, N. Morgenthaler, D. Stolz, C. Muller, R. Bingisser et al., Pro-adrenomedullin to predict severity and outcome in community-acquired pneumonia [ISRCTN04176397], Critical Care, vol.10, issue.3, p.96, 2006.
DOI : 10.1210/en.2004-1424

D. Huang, D. Angus, J. Kellum, N. Pugh, L. Weissfeld et al., Midregional Proadrenomedullin as a Prognostic Tool in Community-Acquired Pneumonia, Chest, vol.136, issue.3, pp.823-831, 2009.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.08-1981

Y. Yaegashi, K. Shirakawa, N. Sato, Y. Suzuki, M. Kojika et al., Evaluation of a newly identified soluble CD14 subtype as a marker for sepsis, Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy, vol.11, issue.5, pp.234-238, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s10156-005-0400-4

M. Mussap, A. Noto, M. Fravega, and V. Fanos, Soluble CD14 subtype presepsin (sCD14-ST) and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) in neonatal sepsis: new clinical and analytical perspectives for two old biomarkers, The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, vol.180, issue.3, pp.2412-2426, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199901)29:01<265::AID-IMMU265>3.0.CO;2-G

T. Shozushima, G. Takahashi, N. Matsumoto, M. Kojika, Y. Okamura et al., Usefulness of presepsin (sCD14-ST) measurements as a marker for the diagnosis and severity of sepsis that satisfied diagnostic criteria of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy, vol.17, issue.6, pp.764-769, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s10156-011-0254-x

B. Xiao, Z. Liu, B. Li, B. Tang, W. Li et al., Infection and Its Negative Regulatory Role in the Inflammatory Response, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.200, issue.6, pp.916-925, 2009.
DOI : 10.1086/605443

E. Vigorito, S. Kohlhaas, and D. Lu, miR-155: an ancient regulator of the immune system, Immunological Reviews, vol.22, issue.1, pp.146-157, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/imr.12057

C. Vasilescu, S. Rossi, M. Shimizu, S. Tudor, A. Veronese et al., MicroRNA Fingerprints Identify miR-150 as a Plasma Prognostic Marker in Patients with Sepsis, PLoS ONE, vol.5, issue.6, p.7405, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0007405.s002

H. Wang, P. Zhang, W. Chen, D. Feng, Y. Jia et al., Serum MicroRNA Signatures Identified by Solexa Sequencing Predict Sepsis Patients??? Mortality: A Prospective Observational Study, PLoS ONE, vol.127, issue.6, p.38885, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0038885.s005

. Dupuy, Role of biomarkers in the management of antibiotic therapy: an expert panel review: I ??? currently available biomarkers for clinical use in acute infections, Annals of Intensive Care, vol.3, issue.1, p.22, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0038885

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01004760