J. A. Jackson, I. M. Friberg, S. Little, and J. E. Bradley, Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: Immunity against helminths and immunological phenomena in modern human populations: coevolutionary legacies?, Immunology, vol.283, issue.1, pp.18-27, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.03010.x

R. W. Snow, C. A. Guerra, A. M. Noor, H. Y. Myint, and S. I. Hay, The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, Nature, vol.3, issue.7030, pp.214-217, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-4758(98)01296-4

M. Fumagalli, U. Pozzoli, R. Cagliani, G. P. Comi, S. Riva et al., Parasites represent a major selective force for interleukin genes and shape the genetic predisposition to autoimmune conditions, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.132, issue.2, pp.1395-1408, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/bth457

M. J. Murray, A. B. Murray, M. B. Murray, and C. J. Murray, Parotid enlargement, forehead edema, and suppression of malaria as nutritional consequences of ascariasis, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.30, pp.2117-2121, 1977.

J. Murray, A. Murray, M. Murray, and C. Murray, The biological suppression of malaria: an ecological and nutritional interrelationship of a host and two parasites, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.31, pp.1363-1366, 1978.

L. Brutus, L. Watier, V. Briand, V. Hanitrasoamampionona, H. Razanatsoarilala et al., Parasitic co-infections: does Ascaris lumbricoides protect against Plasmodium falciparum infection?, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.75, pp.194-198, 2006.

L. Brutus, L. Watier, V. Hanitrasoamampionona, H. Razanatsoarilala, and M. Cot, Confirmation of the protective effect of Ascaris lumbricoides on Plasmodium falciparum infection: results of a randomized trial in Madagascar, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.77, pp.1091-1095, 2007.

A. M. Van-eijk, K. A. Lindblade, F. Odhiambo, E. Peterson, D. H. Rosen et al., Geohelminth Infections among Pregnant Women in Rural Western Kenya; a Cross-Sectional Study, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.3, issue.1, p.370, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000370.t003

A. Degarege, A. Animut, M. Legesse, and B. Erko, Malaria severity status in patients with soil-transmitted helminth infections, Acta Tropica, vol.112, issue.1, pp.8-11, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.05.019

G. Alecrim and M. V. Lacerda, Concurrent helminthic infection protects schoolchildren with Plasmodium vivax from anemia, PLoS One, vol.5, p.11206

W. Gay, P. Bailey, N. J. Singhasivanon, F. White, R. Nosten et al., Complex Interactions between Soil-transmitted Helminths and Malaria in Pregnant Women on the Thai-Burmese Border Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases Malaria and intestinal helminth co-infection among pregnant women in Ghana: prevalence and risk factors, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.12, issue.80, pp.896-901, 2009.

A. A. Adegnika, M. Ramharter, S. T. Agnandji, U. Ateba-ngoa, S. Issifou et al., Epidemiology of parasitic co-infections during pregnancy in Lambar??n??, Gabon, Tropical Medicine & International Health, vol.80, issue.10, pp.1204-1209
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02598.x

R. Kabatereine, S. Ndyomugyenyi, and . Brooker, Epidemiology of helminth infections and their relationship to clinical malaria in southwest Uganda, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, vol.99, pp.18-24, 2005.

P. Bejon, T. W. Mwangi, B. Lowe, N. Peshu, A. V. Hill et al., Helminth Infection and Eosinophilia and the Risk of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in 1- to 6-Year-Old Children in a Malaria Endemic Area, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.2, issue.2, p.164, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000164.g002

M. Nacher, F. Gay, P. Singhasivanon, S. Krudsood, S. Treeprasertsuk et al., Ascaris lumbricoides infection is associated with protection from cerebral malaria, Parasite Immunology, vol.84, issue.2, pp.107-113, 2000.
DOI : 10.1017/S0031182096008566

M. Nacher, Worms and malaria: blind men feeling the elephant?, Parasitology, vol.66, issue.07, pp.861-868, 2008.
DOI : 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0097:DHCHAS]2.0.CO;2

L. Hesran, J. Y. , J. Akiana, H. M. Ndiaye-el, M. Dia et al., Reply to comment on: Severe malaria attack is associated with high prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides infection among children in rural Senegal, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.99, issue.2, pp.397-399, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.09.002

M. Nacher, Comment on: Severe malaria attack is associated with high prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides infection among children in rural Senegal, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.99, issue.2, pp.161-163, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.09.003

R. Sewankambo, M. Kizindo, M. Kizza, A. M. Muwanga, and . Elliott, Plasmodium falciparum and helminth coinfection in a semi urban population of pregnant women in Uganda, J Infect Dis, vol.198, pp.920-927, 2008.

J. Mutapi, N. Mudzori, G. Kumar, T. Woelk, and . Mduluza, The burden of polyparasitism among primary schoolchildren in rural and farming areas in Zimbabwe, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, vol.102, pp.1039-1045, 2008.

S. Brooker, A. C. Clements, P. J. Hotez, S. I. Hay, A. J. Tatem et al., The co-distribution of Plasmodium falciparum and hookworm among African schoolchildren, Malaria Journal, vol.5, issue.1, p.99, 2006.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-5-99

S. Wuthisen and . Looareesuwan, Intestinal helminth infections are associated with increased incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Thailand, J Parasitol, vol.88, pp.55-58, 2002.

A. Spiegel, A. Tall, G. Raphenon, J. F. Trape, and P. Druilhe, Increased frequency of malaria attacks in subjects co-infected by intestinal worms and Plasmodium falciparum malaria, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.97, issue.2, pp.198-199, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0035-9203(03)90117-9

P. Kirwan, A. L. Jackson, S. O. Asaolu, S. F. Molloy, T. C. Abiona et al., Impact of repeated four-monthly anthelmintic treatment on Plasmodiuminfection in preschool children: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial, BMC Infectious Diseases, vol.73, issue.5, p.277
DOI : 10.1007/BF00538196

R. J. Raynes and . Stoltzfus, Early helminth infections are inversely related to anemia, malnutrition, and malaria and are not associated with inflammation in 6-to 23-month-old Zanzibari children, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.81, pp.1062-1070, 2009.

M. Nacher, P. Singhasivanon, B. Traore, S. Vannaphan, F. Gay et al., Helminth infections are associated with protection from cerebral malaria and increased nitrogen derivatives concentrations in Thailand, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.66, pp.304-309, 2002.

S. Gay and . Looareesuwan, Helminth infections are associated with protection from malaria-related acute renal failure and jaundice in Thailand, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.65, pp.834-836, 2001.

S. Mazier and . Looareesuwan, Association of helminth infections with increased gametocyte carriage during mild falciparum malaria in Thailand, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.65, pp.644-647, 2001.

J. Looareesuwan and . Patarapotikul, Trichuris trichiura infection is associated with the multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections, in Thailand, Ann Trop Med Parasitol, vol.97, pp.199-202, 2003.

. Looareesuwan, Contemporaneous and successive mixed Plasmodium falciparum and yoelii protection partially by induction of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg in mice, Eur J Immunol, vol.39, pp.2822-2830, 2001.

H. Helmby, Gastrointestinal Nematode Infection Exacerbates Malaria-Induced Liver Pathology, The Journal of Immunology, vol.182, issue.9, pp.5663-5671, 2009.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.0803790
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2796717

K. Tetsutani, K. Ishiwata, M. Torii, S. Hamano, H. Hisaeda et al., Concurrent infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus modulates murine host response against Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.79, pp.819-822, 2008.

B. De-souza and H. Helmby, Concurrent gastro-intestinal nematode infection does not alter the development of experimental cerebral malaria, Microbes and Infection, vol.10, issue.8, pp.916-921, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.04.015

Z. Su, M. Segura, and M. M. Stevenson, Reduced Protective Efficacy of a Blood-Stage Malaria Vaccine by Concurrent Nematode Infection, Infection and Immunity, vol.74, issue.4, pp.2138-2144, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.74.4.2138-2144.2006

G. S. Noland, D. R. Chowdhury, J. F. Urban, J. , F. Zavala et al., Helminth infection impairs the immunogenicity of a Plasmodium falciparum DNA vaccine, but not irradiated sporozoites, in mice, Vaccine, vol.28, issue.17, pp.2917-2923
DOI : 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.055

N. J. White, G. D. Turner, I. M. Medana, A. M. Dondorp, and N. P. Day, The murine cerebral malaria phenomenon, Trends in Parasitology, vol.26, issue.1, pp.11-15
DOI : 10.1016/j.pt.2009.10.007

J. Langhorne, F. M. Ndungu, A. M. Sponaas, and K. Marsh, Immunity to malaria: more questions than answers, Nature Immunology, vol.117, issue.7, pp.725-732, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/ni.f.205

A. V. Riley and . Hill, Upregulation of TGF-beta, FOXP3, and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells correlates with more rapid parasite growth in human malaria infection, Immunity, vol.23, pp.287-296, 2005.

X. Sinh, N. J. White, and M. Ho, The prognostic and pathophysiologic role of pro-and antiinflammatory cytokines in severe malaria, J Infect Dis, vol.180, pp.1288-1297, 1999.

A. Yaman, F. M. , D. Mokela, B. Genton, K. A. Rockett et al., Association between serum levels of reactive nitrogen intermediates and coma in children with cerebral malaria in Papua New Guinea, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.90, issue.3, pp.270-273, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0035-9203(96)90243-6

D. Mwaikambo and D. L. Granger, Low plasma arginine concentrations in children with cerebral malaria and decreased nitric oxide production, Lancet, vol.361, pp.676-678, 2003.

J. B. Weinberg, B. K. Lopansri, E. Mwaikambo, and D. L. Granger, Arginine, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and endothelial function in severe malaria, Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, vol.21, issue.5, pp.468-475, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32830ef5cf

G. Dhangadamajhi, B. N. Mohapatra, S. K. Kar, and M. Ranjit, Genetic variation in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene and susceptibility to cerebral malaria in Indian adults, Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol.9, issue.5, pp.908-911, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.06.010

. Dugas, Involvement of Fc epsilon RII/CD23 and L-arginine-dependent pathway in IgEmediated stimulation of human monocyte functions, Int Immunol, vol.6, pp.931-934, 1994.

M. Nacher, Worms and malaria: noisy nuisances and silent benefits, Parasite Immunology, vol.173, issue.7, pp.391-393, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/352595a0

. Mazier, Induction of the CD23/nitric oxide pathway in endothelial cells downregulates ICAM-1 expression and decreases cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes, Cell Microbiol, vol.6, pp.839-848, 2004.

. Aikawa, Immunoglobulin complex deposits in Plasmodium falciparum-infected placentas from Malawi and Papua New Guinea, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.49, pp.574-580, 1993.

S. Kombila and . Pied, Total and functional parasite specific IgE responses in Plasmodium falciparum-infected patients exhibiting different clinical status, Malar J, vol.61, 2007.

M. Looareesuwan and . Aikawa, IgE deposition in brain microvessels and on parasitized erythrocytes from cerebral malaria patients, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.63, pp.128-132, 2000.

F. C. Hartgers and M. Yazdanbakhsh, Co-infection of helminths and malaria: modulation of the immune responses to malaria, Parasite Immunology, vol.170, issue.10, pp.497-506, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.02.006

J. A. Bluestone and A. K. Abbas, Opinion-Regulatory Lymphocytes: Natural versus adaptive regulatory T cells, Nature Reviews Immunology, vol.3, issue.3, pp.253-257, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nri1032

A. Boakye and M. Yazdanbakhsh, Responses to malarial antigens are altered in helminth-infected children, J Infect Dis, vol.199, pp.1528-1535, 2009.

C. Roussilhon, P. Brasseur, P. Agnamey, J. L. Perignon, and P. Druilhe, Understanding Human-Plasmodium falciparum Immune Interactions Uncovers the Immunological Role of Worms, PLoS ONE, vol.45, issue.2, p.9309
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0009309.t001

P. Druilhe, A. Tall, and C. Sokhna, Worms can worsen malaria: towards a new means to roll back malaria?, Trends in Parasitology, vol.21, issue.8, pp.359-362, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pt.2005.06.011

F. M. Ndungu, P. C. Bull, A. Ross, B. S. Lowe, E. Kabiru et al., Naturally acquired immunoglobulin (Ig)G subclass antibodies to crude asexual Plasmodium falciparum lysates: evidence for association with protection for IgG1 and disease for IgG2, Parasite Immunology, vol.154, issue.2, pp.77-82, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.68.3.1252-1258.2000

A. Fenton, T. Lamb, and A. L. Graham, Optimality analysis of Th1/Th2 immune responses during microparasite-macroparasite co-infection, with epidemiological feedbacks, Parasitology, vol.125, issue.07, pp.841-853, 2008.
DOI : 10.2307/3934

S. G. Johansson, T. Mellbin, and B. Vahlquist, IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS IN ETHIOPIAN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN E (IgND), The Lancet, vol.291, issue.7552, pp.1118-1121, 1968.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(68)90187-6

C. Mcsharry, Y. Xia, C. V. Holland, and M. W. Kennedy, Natural immunity to Ascaris lumbricoides associated with immunoglobulin E antibody to ABA-1 allergen and inflammation indicators in children, Infect Immun, vol.67, pp.484-489, 1999.

A. Hoerauf, Microflora, Helminths, and the Immune System ??? Who Controls Whom?, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.363, issue.15, pp.1476-1478
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMcibr1007689

M. Nacher, Malaria vaccine trials in a wormy world, Trends in Parasitology, vol.17, issue.12, pp.563-565, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1471-4922(01)02117-1