P. Wilkinson, R. Kelvin, C. Roberts, B. Dubicka, and I. Goodyer, Clinical and Psychosocial Predictors of Suicide Attempts and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in the Adolescent Depression Antidepressants and Psychotherapy Trial (ADAPT), American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.168, issue.5, pp.495-501, 2011.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10050718

G. Zalsman, T. Levy, and G. Shoval, Interaction of Child and Family Psychopathology Leading to Suicidal Behavior, Psychiatric Clinics of North America, vol.31, issue.2, pp.237-246, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.009

R. De-tournemire, Suicides et tentatives de suicide ?? l???adolescence. ????Donn??es ??pid??miologiques??: comment s???y retrouver???????, Archives de P??diatrie, vol.17, issue.8, pp.1202-1209, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.arcped.2010.05.011

J. Bridge, T. Goldstein, and D. Brent, Adolescent suicide and suicidal behavior, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, vol.26, issue.7, pp.3-4372, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/ajmg.1261

K. Posner, G. Melvin, B. Stanley, M. Oquendo, and M. Gould, ABSTRACT, CNS Spectrums, vol.3, issue.02, pp.156-162, 2007.
DOI : 10.1542/peds.107.3.485

K. Posner, M. Oquendo, M. Gould, B. Stanley, and M. Davies, Columbia Classification Algorithm of Suicide Assessment (C-CASA): Classification of Suicidal Events in the FDA???s Pediatric Suicidal Risk Analysis of Antidepressants, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.164, issue.7, pp.1641035-1043, 2007.
DOI : 10.1176/ajp.2007.164.7.1035

D. Foley, D. Goldston, E. Costello, and A. Angold, Proximal Psychiatric Risk Factors for Suicidality in Youth, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.63, issue.9, pp.1017-1024, 2006.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.63.9.1017

J. Breton, R. Boyer, H. Bilodeau, R. S. Joubert, N. Nantel et al., Is Evaluative Research on Youth Suicide Programs Theory-Driven? The Canadian Experience, Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, vol.15, issue.2, pp.176-190, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70327-0

M. Gould, T. Greenberg, D. Velting, and D. Shaffer, Youth Suicide Risk and Preventive Interventions: A Review of the Past 10 Years, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol.42, issue.4, pp.386-405, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CHI.0000046821.95464.CF

D. Brent and J. Mann, Familial Pathways to Suicidal Behavior ??? Understanding and Preventing Suicide among Adolescents, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.355, issue.26, pp.2719-2721, 2006.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMp068195

J. Cavanagh, A. Carson, M. Sharpe, and S. Lawrie, Psychological autopsy studies of suicide: a systematic review, Psychological Medicine, vol.33, issue.3, pp.395-405, 2003.
DOI : 10.1017/S0033291702006943

D. Brent, M. Baugher, J. Bridge, T. Chen, and L. Chiappetta, Age- and Sex-Related Risk Factors for Adolescent Suicide, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol.38, issue.12, pp.1497-1505, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00004583-199912000-00010

D. Shaffer, M. Gould, P. Fisher, P. Trautman, D. Moreau et al., Psychiatric Diagnosis in Child and Adolescent Suicide, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.53, issue.4, pp.339-348, 1996.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830040075012

D. Fergusson, L. Woodward, and L. Horwood, Risk factors and life processes associated with the onset of suicidal behaviour during adolescence and early adulthood, Psychological Medicine, vol.30, issue.1, pp.23-39, 2000.
DOI : 10.1017/S003329179900135X

M. Gould, P. Fisher, M. Parides, F. M. Shaffer, and D. , Psychosocial Risk Factors of Child and Adolescent Completed Suicide, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.53, issue.12, pp.1155-1162, 1996.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830120095016

O. Donnell, L. Stueve, A. Wardlaw, D. , O. Donnell et al., Adolescent Suicidality and Adult Support: The Reach for Health Study of Urban Youth, American Journal of Health Behavior, vol.27, issue.6, pp.633-644, 2003.
DOI : 10.5993/AJHB.27.6.6

C. King and C. Merchant, Social and Interpersonal Factors Relating to Adolescent Suicidality: A Review of the Literature, Archives of Suicide Research, vol.32, issue.3, pp.181-196, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/jts.20291

K. Hawton and A. James, Suicide and deliberate self harm in young people, BMJ, vol.330, issue.7496, pp.891-894, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.330.7496.891

M. Prinstein, J. Boergers, A. Spirito, T. Little, and W. Grapentine, Peer Functioning, Family Dysfunction, and Psychological Symptoms in a Risk Factor Model for Adolescent Inpatients' Suicidal Ideation Severity, Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, vol.35, issue.19, pp.392-405, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0193-3973(99)00021-0

K. Ponnet, R. Vermeiren, I. Jespers, B. Mussche, V. Ruchkin et al., Suicidal behaviour in adolescents: Associations with parental marital status and perceived parent???adolescent relationship, Journal of Affective Disorders, vol.89, issue.1-3, pp.1-3107, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jad.2005.08.014

S. Fotti, L. Katz, T. Afifi, and B. Cox, The Associations between Peer and Parental Relationships and Suicidal Behaviours in Early Adolescents, The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, vol.59, issue.11, pp.51698-703, 2006.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1997.03550100049038

D. Ackard, D. Neumark-sztainer, M. Story, and C. Perry, Parent???Child Connectedness and Behavioral and Emotional Health Among Adolescents, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol.30, issue.1, pp.59-66, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.09.013

D. Brent, G. Emslie, G. Clarke, J. Asarnow, A. Spirito et al., Predictors of Spontaneous and Systematically Assessed Suicidal Adverse Events in the Treatment of SSRI-Resistant Depression in Adolescents (TORDIA) Study, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.166, issue.4, pp.418-426, 2009.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08070976

D. Brent, L. Greenhill, S. Compton, G. Emslie, K. Wells et al., The Treatment of Adolescent Suicide Attempters Study (TASA): Predictors of Suicidal Events in an Open Treatment Trial, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol.48, issue.10, pp.48987-996, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b5dbe4

R. King, M. Schwab-stone, A. Flisher, S. Greenwald, R. Kramer et al., Psychosocial and Risk Behavior Correlates of Youth Suicide Attempts and Suicidal Ideation, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol.40, issue.7, pp.40837-846, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00004583-200107000-00019

P. Lewinsohn, P. Rohde, and J. Seeley, Psychosocial risk factors for future adolescent suicide attempts., Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol.62, issue.2, pp.297-305, 1994.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-006X.62.2.297

R. Mckeown, C. Garrison, S. Cuffe, J. Waller, K. Jackson et al., Incidence and Predictors of Suicidal Behaviors in a Longitudinal Sample of Young Adolescents, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol.37, issue.6, pp.612-619, 1998.
DOI : 10.1097/00004583-199806000-00011

M. Lynskey and D. Fergusson, Factors protecting against the development of adjustment difficulties in young adults exposed to childhood sexual abuse, Child Abuse & Neglect, vol.21, issue.12, pp.1177-1190, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00093-8

I. Borowsky, M. Ireland, and M. Resnick, Adolescent Suicide Attempts: Risks and Protectors, PEDIATRICS, vol.107, issue.3, pp.485-493, 2001.
DOI : 10.1542/peds.107.3.485

E. Czyz, Z. Liu, and C. King, Social Connectedness and One-Year Trajectories Among Suicidal Adolescents Following Psychiatric Hospitalization, Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, vol.147, issue.2, pp.214-226
DOI : 10.1037/h0079362

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3742020

A. Kokkevi, V. Rotsika, A. Arapaki, and C. Richardson, Changes in associations between psychosocial factors and suicide attempts by adolescents in Greece from 1984 to 2007, The European Journal of Public Health, vol.21, issue.6, pp.694-698, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/eurpub/ckq160

A. Samm, L. Tooding, M. Sisask, K. Kolves, K. Aasvee et al., Suicidal thoughts and depressive feelings amongst Estonian schoolchildren: effect of family relationship and family structure, European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol.40, issue.Suppl 4, pp.457-468, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s00787-009-0079-7

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00540582

F. Beck, S. Legleye, and P. Peretti-watel, Les usages des substances psychoactives à la fin de l'adolescence: mise en place d'une enquête annuelle (The use of psychoactive substances among adolescents in their late teens: setting up an annual survey) Tendances, 2000.

F. Beck, J. Costes, S. Legleye, and S. Spilka, L'enquête ESCAPAD sur les consommations de drogues des jeunes français: un dispositif original de recueil de l'information sur un sujet sensible, Méthodes d'enquêtes et sondages -Pratiques européennne et nord-américaine. Edited by Lavallée P, Rivest L. Québec: Dunod collection Sciences Sup, pp.56-60, 2006.

A. Revah-levy, B. Birmaher, I. Gasquet, and B. Falissard, The Adolescent Depression Rating Scale (ADRS): a validation study, BMC Psychiatry, vol.38, issue.1, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/00004583-199910000-00011

. France, Nationale Institute of Statistics and Economic studies

D. Brent, J. Perper, G. Moritz, C. Allman, A. Friend et al., Psychiatric Risk Factors for Adolescent Suicide: A Case-Control Study, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol.32, issue.3, pp.521-529, 1993.
DOI : 10.1097/00004583-199305000-00006

B. Compas, G. Oppedisano, J. Connor, C. Gerhardt, B. Hinden et al., Gender differences in depressive symptoms in adolescence: Comparison of national samples of clinically referred and nonreferred youths., Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol.65, issue.4, pp.617-626, 1997.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-006X.65.4.617

C. Essau, P. Lewinsohn, J. Seeley, and S. Sasagawa, Gender differences in the developmental course of depression, Journal of Affective Disorders, vol.127, issue.1-3, pp.1-3185, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jad.2010.05.016

J. Garber, Depression in children and adolescents: linking risk research and prevention, Am J Prev Med, issue.6, pp.31-104, 2006.

M. Uddin, K. Koenen, S. De-los, E. Bakshis, A. Aiello et al., Gender differences in the genetic and environmental determinants of adolescent depression, Depression and Anxiety, vol.169, issue.7, pp.658-666, 2010.
DOI : 10.1002/da.20692

B. Hankin and L. Abramson, Development of gender differences in depression: description and possible explanations, Annals of Medicine, vol.20, issue.6, pp.372-379, 1999.
DOI : 10.3109/07853899908998794

A. Angold, E. Costello, A. Erkanli, and C. Worthman, Pubertal changes in hormone levels and depression in girls, Psychological Medicine, vol.29, issue.5, pp.1043-1053, 1999.
DOI : 10.1017/S0033291799008946

D. Brent, J. B. Bartle, S. Bridge, J. Rather, C. Matta et al., Personality Disorder, Tendency to Impulsive Violence, and Suicidal Behavior in Adolescents, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol.32, issue.1, pp.69-75, 1993.
DOI : 10.1097/00004583-199301000-00010

V. Perez, The Relationship Between Seriously Considering, Planning, and Attempting Suicide in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, vol.16, issue.1, pp.35-49, 2005.
DOI : 10.1542/peds.99.6.791

A. Beautrais, P. Joyce, and R. Mulder, Risk Factors for Serious Suicide Attempts among Youths Aged 13 through 24 Years, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol.35, issue.9, pp.1174-1182, 1996.
DOI : 10.1097/00004583-199609000-00015

J. Johnson, P. Cohen, M. Gould, S. Kasen, J. Brown et al., Childhood Adversities, Interpersonal Difficulties, and Risk for Suicide Attempts During Late Adolescence and Early Adulthood, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.59, issue.8, pp.59741-749, 2002.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.59.8.741

M. Seguin, J. Renaud, A. Lesage, M. Robert, and G. Turecki, Youth and young adult suicide: A study of life trajectory, Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol.45, issue.7, pp.45863-870, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.05.005

A. Beautrais, S. Gibb, A. Faulkner, D. Fergusson, and R. Mulder, Postcard intervention for repeat self-harm: randomised controlled trial, The British Journal of Psychiatry, vol.197, issue.1, pp.55-60, 2010.
DOI : 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.075754

M. Nock and R. Kessler, Prevalence of and risk factors for suicide attempts versus suicide gestures: Analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey., Journal of Abnormal Psychology, vol.115, issue.3
DOI : 10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.616

A. Beautrais, Suicides and serious suicide attempts: two populations or one?, Psychological Medicine, vol.31, issue.05, pp.837-845, 2001.
DOI : 10.1017/S0033291701003889

D. Brent, J. Perper, G. Moritz, L. Liotus, J. Schweers et al., Familial risk factors for adolescent suicide: a case-control study, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol.32, issue.1, pp.52-58, 1994.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.108.1.50

B. Groholt, O. Ekeberg, L. Wichstrom, and T. Haldorsen, Suicide Among Children and Younger and Older Adolescents in Norway: A Comparative Study, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol.37, issue.5, pp.473-481, 1998.
DOI : 10.1097/00004583-199805000-00008

A. Sauvola, P. Rasanen, M. Joukamaa, J. Jokelainen, M. Jarvelin et al., Mortality of young adults in relation to single-parent family background. A prospective study of the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort, The European Journal of Public Health, vol.11, issue.3, pp.284-286, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/eurpub/11.3.284

D. Fergusson and M. Lynskey, Suicide Attempts and Suicidal Ideation in a Birth Cohort of 16-Year-Old New Zealanders, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol.34, issue.10, pp.1308-1317, 1995.
DOI : 10.1097/00004583-199510000-00016

P. Lewinsohn, P. Rohde, and J. Seeley, Psychosocial Characteristics of Adolescents with a History of Suicide Attempt, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol.32, issue.1, pp.60-68, 1993.
DOI : 10.1097/00004583-199301000-00009

M. Tousignant, M. Bastien, and S. Hamel, Suicidal attempts and ideations among adolescents and young adults: the contribution of the father's and mother's care and of parental separation, Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, vol.28, issue.5, pp.256-261, 1993.

J. Im, S. Choi, D. Hong, H. Seo, S. Park et al., Proximal risk factors and suicide methods among suicide completers from national suicide mortality data 2004-2006 in Korea, Comprehensive Psychiatry, vol.52, issue.3, pp.231-237, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.07.005

B. Vitiello, D. Brent, L. Greenhill, G. Emslie, K. Wells et al., Depressive Symptoms and Clinical Status During the Treatment of Adolescent Suicide Attempters (TASA) Study, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol.48, issue.10, pp.48997-1004, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b5db66

M. Gould, R. King, S. Greenwald, P. Fisher, M. Schwab-stone et al., Psychopathology associated with suicidal ideation and attempts among children and adolescents. JA m Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, pp.915-923, 1998.

C. Jacobson, J. Muehlenkamp, A. Miller, and J. Turner, Psychiatric Impairment Among Adolescents Engaging in Different Types of Deliberate Self-Harm, Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, vol.5, issue.5, pp.363-375, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/00004583-200005000-00014

J. Muehlenkamp, T. Ertelt, A. Miller, and L. Claes, Borderline personality symptoms differentiate non-suicidal and suicidal self-injury in ethnically diverse adolescent outpatients, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, vol.38, issue.2, pp.148-155, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02305.x