C. Zaryski and D. Smith, Training Principles and Issues for Ultra-endurance Athletes, Current Sports Medicine Reports, vol.4, issue.3, pp.165-170, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CSMR.0000306201.49315.73

M. Hoffman, Performance Trends in 161-km Ultramarathons, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.31, issue.01, pp.31-37, 2010.
DOI : 10.1055/s-0029-1239561

M. Hoffman, J. Ong, and G. Wang, Historical Analysis of Participation in 161??km Ultramarathons in North America, The International Journal of the History of Sport, vol.2, issue.3, pp.1877-1891, 2010.
DOI : 10.1080/09523367.2010.494385

M. Hoffman and K. Fogard, Demographic characteristics of 161-km ultramarathon runners, Res Sports Med, vol.20, pp.59-69, 2012.

B. Knechtle, P. Knechtle, T. Rosemann, and R. Lepers, Predictor Variables for A 100-km Race Time in Male Ultra-Marathoners, Perceptual and Motor Skills, vol.41, issue.3, pp.681-693
DOI : 10.2466/05.25.PMS.111.6.681-693

R. Lepers, Analysis of Hawaii Ironman Performances in Elite Triathletes from 1981 to 2007, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.40, issue.10, pp.1828-1834, 1981.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817e91a4

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00325831

R. Lepers, F. Sultana, B. Thierry, C. Hausswirth, and J. Brisswalter, Age-Related Changes in Triathlon Performances, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.31, issue.04, pp.251-256, 2010.
DOI : 10.1055/s-0029-1243647

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00752141

M. Hoffman and J. Wegelin, The Western States 100-Mile Endurance Run, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.41, issue.12, pp.2191-2198, 2009.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a8d553

B. Knechtle, C. Rüst, T. Rosemann, and R. Lepers, Age-related changes in 100-km ultra-marathon running performance, AGE, vol.31, issue.4, pp.1033-1045, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s11357-011-9290-9

R. Lepers and N. Maffiuletti, Age and Gender Interactions in Ultraendurance Performance, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.43, issue.1, pp.134-139, 2011.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181e57997

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00702352

P. Sparling, O. Em, and T. Snow, The gender difference in distance running performance has plateaued: an analysis of world rankings from 1980 to 1996, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.30, issue.12, pp.1725-1729, 1998.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-199812000-00011

. Da-fonseca-engelhardt, Participation and performance trends in ultra-endurance running races under extreme conditions - ???Spartathlon??? versus ???Badwater???, Extreme Physiology & Medicine, vol.2, issue.1, pp.15-25, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s00421-010-1633-1

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00820834

J. Coast, J. Blevins, and B. Wilson, Do Gender Differences in Running Performance Disappear With Distance?, Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.29, issue.2, pp.139-145, 2004.
DOI : 10.1139/h04-010

A. Baker, Y. Tang, and M. Turner, Percentage Decline in Masters Superathlete Track and Field Performance With Aging, Experimental Aging Research, vol.29, issue.1, pp.47-65, 2003.
DOI : 10.1080/03610730303706

J. Balmer, S. Bird, and R. Davison, Indoor 16.1-km time-trial performance in cyclists aged 25???????63 years, Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.30, issue.1, pp.57-62, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00776589

A. Donato, K. Tench, D. Glueck, D. Seals, I. Eskurza et al., Declines in physiological functional capacity with age: a longitudinal study in peak swimming performance, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.94, issue.2, pp.764-769, 2003.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00438.2002

J. Fleg and E. Lakatta, Role of muscle loss in the age-associated reduction in VO 2 max, J Appl Physiol, vol.65, pp.1147-1151, 1988.

T. Fuchi, K. Iwaoka, M. Higuchi, and S. Kobayashi, Cardiovascular changes associated with decreased aerobic capacity and aging in long-distance runners, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.43, issue.8, pp.884-889, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02332223

S. Hunter, A. Stevens, K. Magennis, K. Skelton, and M. Fauth, Is There a Sex Difference in the Age of Elite Marathon Runners?, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.43, issue.4, pp.656-664, 2011.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181fb4e00

D. Leyk, O. Erley, D. Ridder, M. Leurs, T. Rüther et al., Age-related Changes in Marathon and Half-Marathon Performances, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.28, issue.6, pp.513-527, 2007.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2006-924658

D. Leyk, O. Erley, W. Gorge, D. Ridder, T. Rüther et al., Performance, Training and Lifestyle Parameters of Marathon Runners Aged 20???80 Years: Results of the PACE-study, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.30, issue.05, pp.360-365, 2009.
DOI : 10.1055/s-0028-1105935

H. Tanaka and D. Seals, Invited Review: Dynamic exercise performance in Masters athletes: insight into the effects of primary human aging on physiological functional capacity, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.95, issue.5, pp.2152-2162, 2003.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00320.2003

U. S. Western, Climate Historical Summaries Weather: Desert Research Institute, 2009.

R. Deaner, Distance Running as an Ideal Domain for Showing a Sex Difference in Competitiveness, Archives of Sexual Behavior, vol.26, issue.1, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s10508-012-9965-z

R. Deaner and D. Mitchell, More men run relatively fast in U.S. road races: a stable sex difference in non-elite runners, Evol Psychol, vol.9, pp.600-621, 1981.

M. Lombardo, On the Evolution of Sport, Evolutionary Psychology, vol.72, issue.1, pp.1-28, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01842.x

R. Krouse, L. Ransdell, S. Lucas, and M. Pritchard, Motivation, Goal Orientation, Coaching, and Training Habits of Women Ultrarunners, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol.25, pp.2835-2842, 2011.
DOI : 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318207e964

A. Baker and Y. Tang, Aging Performance for Masters Records in Athletics, Swimming, Rowing, Cycling, Triathlon, and Weightlifting, Experimental Aging Research, vol.36, issue.4, pp.453-477, 2010.
DOI : 10.1080/03610730590882855

T. Bernard, F. Sultana, R. Lepers, C. Hausswirth, and J. Brisswalter, Age-Related Decline in Olympic Triathlon Performance: Effect of Locomotion Mode, Experimental Aging Research, vol.84, issue.1, pp.64-78, 2010.
DOI : 10.1177/0363546507309673

R. Lepers and T. Cattagni, Do older athletes reach limits in their performance during marathon running?, AGE, vol.41, issue.3, pp.773-781, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s11357-011-9271-z

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00596872

B. Knechtle, P. Knechtle, and R. Lepers, Participation and performance trends in ultra-triathlons from 1985 to 2009, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, vol.30, issue.6, pp.82-90, 1985.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01160.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00697141

B. Knechtle, P. Knechtle, T. Rosemann, and O. Senn, Personal Best Time, not Anthropometry or Training Volume, is Associated With Total Race Time in a Triple Iron Triathlon, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol.25, issue.4, pp.1142-1150, 2011.
DOI : 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d09f0f

B. Knechtle, P. Knechtle, T. Rosemann, and O. Senn, What is associated with race performance in male 100-km ultra-marathoners???????anthropometry, training or marathon best time?, Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.41, issue.6, pp.571-577, 2011.
DOI : 10.2188/jea.14.161

B. Knechtle, P. Knechtle, T. Rosemann, and R. Lepers, Predictor Variables for A 100-km Race Time in Male Ultra-Marathoners, Perceptual and Motor Skills, vol.41, issue.3, pp.681-693, 2010.
DOI : 10.2466/05.25.PMS.111.6.681-693

B. Knechtle, P. Knechtle, T. Rosemann, and R. Lepers, Personal Best Marathon Time and Longest Training Run, Not Anthropometry, Predict Performance in Recreational 24-Hour Ultrarunners, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol.25, issue.8, pp.2212-2218, 2011.
DOI : 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181f6b0c7

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00708631

J. Bam, T. Noakes, J. Juritz, and S. Dennis, Could women outrun men in ultramarathon races? Med Sci Sports Exerc, pp.244-247, 1997.

B. Knechtle, B. Duff, I. Schulze, and G. Kohler, The Effects of Running 1,200 km Within 17 Days on Body Composition in a Female Ultrarunner???Deutschlandlauf 2007, Research in Sports Medicine, vol.16, issue.3, pp.167-188, 2007.
DOI : 10.1080/15438620802104120

A. Jacob, M. Wegelin, and M. Hoffman, Variables associated with odds of finishing and finish time in a 161-km ultramarathon, Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.111, pp.145-153, 2011.

B. Knechtle, P. Knechtle, A. Wirth, A. Rüst, C. Rosemann et al., A faster running speed is associated with a greater body weight loss in 100-km ultra-marathoners, Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.4, issue.11, pp.1131-1140, 2012.
DOI : 10.1055/s-0029-1202350

B. Knechtle, O. Senn, R. Imoberdorf, I. Joleska, A. Wirth et al., No Fluid Overload in Male Ultra-Runners During a 100 km Ultra-Run, Research in Sports Medicine, vol.19, issue.1, pp.14-27, 2011.
DOI : 10.1080/15438627.2010.510039

B. Knechtle, O. Senn, R. Imoberdorf, I. Joleska, A. Wirth et al., Maintained total body water content and serum sodium concentrations despite body mass loss in female ultra-runners drinking ad libitum during a 100 km race, Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, vol.19, pp.83-90, 2010.

K. Cureton, P. Bishop, P. Hutchinson, H. Newland, S. Vickery et al., Sex difference in maximal oxygen uptake, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.4, issue.6, pp.656-660, 1986.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00943356

M. Joyner, Physiological Limiting Factors and Distance Running, Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, vol.21, issue.1, pp.103-133, 1993.
DOI : 10.1249/00003677-199301000-00004

P. Sparling and K. Cureton, Biological determinants of the sex difference in 12-min run performance, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.15, issue.3, pp.218-223, 1983.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-198315030-00007

B. Knechtle, A. Wirth, B. Baumann, P. Knechtle, T. Rosemann et al., Differential Correlations Between Anthropometry, Training Volume, and Performance in Male and Female Ironman Triathletes, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol.24, issue.10, pp.2785-2793, 2010.
DOI : 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c643b6

B. Knechtle, A. Wirth, B. Baumann, P. Knechtle, and T. Rosemann, Personal Best Time, Percent Body Fat, and Training Are Differently Associated With Race Time for Male and Female Ironman Triathletes, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, vol.22, issue.1, pp.62-68, 2010.
DOI : 10.1080/02701367.2010.10599628

R. Lepers, C. Rüst, P. Stapley, and B. Knechtle, Relative improvements in endurance performance with age: evidence from 25??years of Hawaii Ironman racing, AGE, vol.43, issue.3, pp.10-1007
DOI : 10.1007/s11357-012-9392-z

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00676663

R. Schulz and C. Curnow, Peak Performance and Age Among Superathletes: Track and Field, Swimming, Baseball, Tennis, and Golf, Journal of Gerontology, vol.43, issue.5, pp.113-120, 1988.
DOI : 10.1093/geronj/43.5.P113

P. Jokl, P. Sethi, and A. Cooper, Master's performance in the New York City Marathon 1983-1999, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.38, issue.4, pp.408-412, 2004.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.2002.003566

P. Reaburn and B. Dascombe, Endurance performance in masters athletes, European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, vol.31, issue.12, pp.31-42, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s11556-008-0029-2

B. Maron, C. Araújo, P. Thompson, G. Fletcher, A. De-luna et al., Recommendations for preparticipation screening and the assessment of cardiovascular diseases in masters athletes, pp.327-334, 2001.

C. Davies and M. Thompson, Aerobic performance of female marathon and male ultramarathon athletes, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.6, issue.4, pp.233-245, 1979.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00429740

Z. Landman, G. Landman, and P. Fatehi, Physiologic Alterations and Predictors of Performance in a 160-km Ultramarathon, Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol.22, issue.2, pp.146-151, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/JSM.0b013e318243ffdc

D. March, P. Vanderburgh, P. Titlebaum, and M. Hoops, Age, Sex, and Finish Time as Determinants of Pacing in the Marathon, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol.25, issue.2, pp.386-391, 2011.
DOI : 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181bffd0f

J. Wegelin and M. Hoffman, Variables associated with odds of finishing and finish time in a 161-km ultramarathon, European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.36, issue.9, pp.145-153, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00421-010-1633-1

V. Onywera, F. Kiplamai, M. Boit, and Y. Pitsiladis, Food and Macronutrient Intake of Elite Kenyan Distance Runners, International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, vol.14, issue.6, pp.709-719, 2004.
DOI : 10.1123/ijsnem.14.6.709

B. Glace, C. Murphy, and M. Mchugh, Food Intake and Electrolyte Status of Ultramarathoners Competing in Extreme Heat, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, vol.73, issue.6, pp.553-559, 2002.
DOI : 10.1080/07315724.2002.10719254

B. Knechtle, P. Knechtle, I. Schulze, and G. Kohler, Vitamins, minerals and race performance in ultra-endurance runners -Deutschlandlauf, 2006.

B. Knechtle, P. Knechtle, and T. Rosemann, Low prevalence of exercise-associated hyponatremia in male 100??km ultra-marathon runners in Switzerland, European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.52, issue.6, pp.1007-1016, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00421-010-1729-7

B. Knechtle, P. Knechtle, and T. Rosemann, Do Male 100-km Ultra-Marathoners Overdrink?, International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, vol.6, issue.2, pp.195-207, 2011.
DOI : 10.1123/ijspp.6.2.195

. Da-fonseca-engelhardt, Participation and performance trends in ultra-endurance running races under extreme conditions - ???Spartathlon??? versus ???Badwater???, Extreme Physiology & Medicine, vol.2, issue.1, pp.15-1115, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s00421-010-1633-1

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00820834