Cancer classification using the Immunoscore: a worldwide task force
Jérôme Galon
(1, 2, 3, 4)
,
Franck Pagès
(1, 2, 3)
,
Francesco Marincola
(4, 5)
,
Helen Angell
(1, 2)
,
Magdalena Thurin
(6)
,
Alessandro Lugli
(7)
,
Inti Zlobec
(7)
,
Anne Berger
(3)
,
Carlo Bifulco
(8)
,
Gerardo Botti
(9)
,
Fabiana Tatangelo
(9)
,
Cedrik Britten
(10)
,
Sebastian Kreiter
(9)
,
Lotfi Chouchane
(11)
,
Paolo Delrio
(12)
,
Hartmann Arndt
(13)
,
Martin Asslaber
(14)
,
Michele Maio
(15)
,
Giuseppe Masucci
(16)
,
Martin Mihm
(17)
,
Fernando Vidal-Vanaclocha
(18)
,
James Allison
(19)
,
Sacha Gnjatic
(9)
,
Leif Hakansson
(20)
,
Christoph Huber
(10)
,
Harpreet Singh-Jasuja
(21)
,
Christian Ottensmeier
(22)
,
Heinz Zwierzina
(23)
,
Luigi Laghi
(24)
,
Fabio Grizzi
(9)
,
Pamela Ohashi
(25)
,
Patricia Shaw
(26)
,
Blaise Clarke
(26)
,
Bradly Wouters
(26)
,
Yutaka Kawakami
(27)
,
Shoichi Hazama
(28)
,
Kiyotaka Okuno
(29)
,
Ena Wang
(5)
,
Jill O'Donnell-Tormey
(30)
,
Christine Lagorce
(31)
,
Graham Pawelec
(32)
,
Michael Nishimura
(33)
,
Robert Hawkins
(34)
,
Réjean Lapointe
(35)
,
Andreas Lundqvist
(36)
,
Samir Khleif
(37)
,
Shuji Ogino
(38)
,
Peter Gibbs
(39)
,
Paul Waring
(40)
,
Noriyuki Sato
(41)
,
Toshihiko Torigoe
(9)
,
Kyogo Itoh
(42)
,
Prabhu Patel
(43)
,
Shilin Shukla
(43)
,
Richard Palmqvist
(44)
,
Iris Nagtegaal
(45)
,
Yili Wang
(46)
,
Corrado d'Arrigo
(47)
,
Scott Kopetz
(48)
,
Frank Sinicrope
(49)
,
Giorgio Trinchieri
(50)
,
Thomas Gajewski
(4, 51)
,
Paolo Ascierto
(52, 53)
,
Bernard Fox
(4, 54, 55)
1
CRC (UMR_S 872) -
Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers
2 UPD5 - Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5
3 Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris
4 Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer
5 Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS)
6 Cancer Diagnosis Program
7 Oncology - Pathology - Anatomy
8 Department of Pathology
9 Department of Pathology
10 TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
11 Weill Medical College of Cornell University [New York]
12 Colorectal Surgery Department
13 Department of Pathology
14 Institute of Pathology
15 Division of Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy
16 Department of Oncology-Pathology
17 HMS - Harvard Medical School [Boston]
18 CEU-San Pablo University School of Medicine and HM-Hospital of Madrid Scientific Foundation
19 Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research
20 Skane University Hospital [Lund]
21 Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH
22 Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre
23 Department Haematology and Oncology
24 Molecular Gastroenterology and Department of Gastroenterology
25 Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research
26 Departments of Laboratory Medicine
27 Division of Cellular Signaling
28 Department of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology
29 Department of Surgery
30 Cancer Research Institute
31 Department of Pathology
32 Center for Medical Research
33 Oncology Institute
34 School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences
35 CR CHUM - Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal
36 Department of Oncology-Pathology [Karolinska Institutet]
37 Georgia Health Sciences University Cancer Center
38 Department of Pathology
39 Department of Medical Oncology
40 Department of Pathology
41 Department of Pathology
42 Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy
43 The Gujarat Cancer & Research Institute
44 Department of Medical Biosciences
45 Pathology Department
46 Institute for Cancer Research
47 Department of Histopathology
48 MD Anderson Cancer Center [Houston]
49 Mayo Clinic and Mayo College of Medicine
50 Cancer Inflammation Program
51 Oncology and Hematology
52 Medical Oncology and Innovative Therapies Unit
53 Fondazione Melanoma Onlus
54 Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology
55 Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology
2 UPD5 - Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5
3 Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris
4 Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer
5 Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS)
6 Cancer Diagnosis Program
7 Oncology - Pathology - Anatomy
8 Department of Pathology
9 Department of Pathology
10 TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
11 Weill Medical College of Cornell University [New York]
12 Colorectal Surgery Department
13 Department of Pathology
14 Institute of Pathology
15 Division of Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy
16 Department of Oncology-Pathology
17 HMS - Harvard Medical School [Boston]
18 CEU-San Pablo University School of Medicine and HM-Hospital of Madrid Scientific Foundation
19 Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research
20 Skane University Hospital [Lund]
21 Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH
22 Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre
23 Department Haematology and Oncology
24 Molecular Gastroenterology and Department of Gastroenterology
25 Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research
26 Departments of Laboratory Medicine
27 Division of Cellular Signaling
28 Department of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology
29 Department of Surgery
30 Cancer Research Institute
31 Department of Pathology
32 Center for Medical Research
33 Oncology Institute
34 School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences
35 CR CHUM - Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal
36 Department of Oncology-Pathology [Karolinska Institutet]
37 Georgia Health Sciences University Cancer Center
38 Department of Pathology
39 Department of Medical Oncology
40 Department of Pathology
41 Department of Pathology
42 Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy
43 The Gujarat Cancer & Research Institute
44 Department of Medical Biosciences
45 Pathology Department
46 Institute for Cancer Research
47 Department of Histopathology
48 MD Anderson Cancer Center [Houston]
49 Mayo Clinic and Mayo College of Medicine
50 Cancer Inflammation Program
51 Oncology and Hematology
52 Medical Oncology and Innovative Therapies Unit
53 Fondazione Melanoma Onlus
54 Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology
55 Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology
Jérôme Galon
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Franck Pagès
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Francesco Marincola
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Helen Angell
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Cedrik Britten
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Lotfi Chouchane
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Fernando Vidal-Vanaclocha
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Christoph Huber
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Luigi Laghi
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Pamela Ohashi
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Shoichi Hazama
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Réjean Lapointe
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Andreas Lundqvist
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Thomas Gajewski
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Paolo Ascierto
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Bernard Fox
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Résumé
Prediction of clinical outcome in cancer is usually achieved by histopathological evaluation of tissue samples obtained during surgical resection of the primary tumor. Traditional tumor staging (AJCC/UICC-TNM classification) summarizes data on tumor burden (T), presence of cancer cells in draining and regional lymph nodes (N) and evidence for metastases (M). However, it is now recognized that clinical outcome can significantly vary among patients within the same stage. The current classification provides limited prognostic information, and does not predict response to therapy. Recent literature has alluded to the importance of the host immune system in controlling tumor progression. Thus, evidence supports the notion to include immunological biomarkers, implemented as a tool for the prediction of prognosis and response to therapy. Accumulating data, collected from large cohorts of human cancers, has demonstrated the impact of immune-classification, which has a prognostic value that may add to the significance of the AJCC/UICC TNM-classification. It is therefore imperative to begin to incorporate the 'Immunoscore' into traditional classification, thus providing an essential prognostic and potentially predictive tool. Introduction of this parameter as a biomarker to classify cancers, as part of routine diagnostic and prognostic assessment of tumors, will facilitate clinical decision-making including rational stratification of patient treatment. Equally, the inherent complexity of quantitative immunohistochemistry, in conjunction with protocol variation across laboratories, analysis of different immune cell types, inconsistent region selection criteria, and variable ways to quantify immune infiltration, all underline the urgent requirement to reach assay harmonization. In an effort to promote the Immunoscore in routine clinical settings, an international task force was initiated. This review represents a follow-up of the announcement of this initiative, and of the J Transl Med. editorial from January 2012. Immunophenotyping of tumors may provide crucial novel prognostic information. The results of this international validation may result in the implementation of the Immunoscore as a new component for the classification of cancer, designated TNM-I (TNM-Immune).
Domaines
Médecine humaine et pathologie
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