A. Aguzzi and L. And-rajendran, The Transcellular Spread of Cytosolic Amyloids, Prions, and Prionoids, Neuron, vol.64, issue.6, pp.783-790, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.12.016

R. M. Arantes and N. W. Andrews, A Role for Synaptotagmin VII-Regulated Exocytosis of Lysosomes in Neurite Outgrowth from Primary Sympathetic Neurons, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.26, issue.17, pp.4630-4637, 2006.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0009-06.2006

M. Babst, MVB vesicle formation: ESCRT-dependent, ESCRT-independent and everything in between, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol.23, issue.4, pp.452-457, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ceb.2011.04.008

M. Belting and A. Wittrup, Nanotubes, exosomes, and nucleic acid???binding peptides provide novel mechanisms of intercellular communication in eukaryotic cells: implications in health and disease, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.95, issue.7, pp.1187-1191, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/nbt1339

T. C. Brown, S. S. Correia, C. N. Petrok, E. , and J. A. , Functional Compartmentalization of Endosomal Trafficking for the Synaptic Delivery of AMPA Receptors during Long-Term Potentiation, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.27, issue.48, pp.13311-13315, 2007.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4258-07.2007

E. Bullmore and O. Sporns, Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.8, issue.3, pp.186-198, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0002051

C. Chatellard-causse, B. Blot, N. Cristina, S. Torch, M. Missotten et al., Alix (ALG-2-interacting Protein X), a Protein Involved in Apoptosis, Binds to Endophilins and Induces Cytoplasmic Vacuolization, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.277, issue.32, pp.29108-29115, 2002.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M204019200

J. R. Cooney, J. L. Hurlburt, D. K. Selig, K. M. Harris, and J. C. Fiala, Endosomal compartments serve multiple hippocampal dendritic spines from a widespread rather than a local store of recycling membrane, Neurosci. J, vol.22, pp.2215-2224, 2002.

S. S. Correia, S. Bassani, T. C. Brown, M. F. Lise, D. S. Backos et al., Motor protein???dependent transport of AMPA receptors into spines during long-term potentiation, Nature Neuroscience, vol.8, issue.4, pp.457-466, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/nn2063

M. D. Ehlers, Reinsertion or Degradation of AMPA Receptors Determined by Activity-Dependent Endocytic Sorting, Neuron, vol.28, issue.2, pp.511-525, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00129-X

T. Falguieres, P. P. Luyet, and J. Gruenberg, Molecular assemblies and membrane domains in multivesicular endosome dynamics, Experimental Cell Research, vol.315, issue.9, pp.1567-1573, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.12.006

J. Faure, G. Lachenal, M. Court, J. Hirrlinger, C. Chatellard-causse et al., Exosomes are released by cultured cortical neurones, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, vol.31, issue.4, pp.642-648, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mcn.2005.12.003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00393925

B. Fevrier, D. Vilette, F. Archer, D. Loew, W. Faigle et al., Cells release prions in association with exosomes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.101, issue.26, pp.9683-9688, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0308413101

B. Fevrier, D. Vilette, H. Laude, R. , and G. , Exosomes: a bubble ride for prions? Traffic 6, pp.10-17, 2005.

D. Fitzner, M. Schnaars, D. Van-rossum, G. Krishnamoorthy, P. Dibaj et al., Selective transfer of exosomes from oligodendrocytes to microglia by macropinocytosis, Journal of Cell Science, vol.124, issue.3, pp.447-458, 2011.
DOI : 10.1242/jcs.074088

C. Geminard, D. Gassart, A. Blanc, L. Vidal, and M. , Degradation of AP2 During Reticulocyte Maturation Enhances Binding of Hsc70 and Alix to a Common Site on TfR for Sorting into Exosomes, Traffic, vol.60, issue.2, pp.181-193, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2004.0167.x

R. Ghidoni, A. Paterlini, V. Albertini, M. Glionna, E. Monti et al., Cystatin C is released in association with exosomes: A new tool of neuronal communication which is unbalanced in Alzheimer's disease, Neurobiology of Aging, vol.32, issue.8, pp.1435-1442, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.08.013

R. Ghidoni, A. Paterlini, V. Albertini, M. Glionna, E. Monti et al., Cystatin C is released in association with exosomes: A new tool of neuronal communication which is unbalanced in Alzheimer's disease, Neurobiology of Aging, vol.32, issue.8, pp.1435-1442, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.08.013

J. Gruenberg and H. Stenmark, Opinion: The biogenesis of multivesicular endosomes, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol.5, issue.4, pp.317-323, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/nrm1360

P. G. Haydon, C. , and G. , Astrocyte Control of Synaptic Transmission and Neurovascular Coupling, Physiological Reviews, vol.86, issue.3, pp.1009-1031, 2006.
DOI : 10.1152/physrev.00049.2005

H. Kasai, M. Matsuzaki, J. Noguchi, N. Yasumatsu, and H. Nakahara, Structure???stability???function relationships of dendritic spines, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.26, issue.7, pp.360-368, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00162-0

M. J. Kennedy and M. D. Ehlers, ORGANELLES AND TRAFFICKING MACHINERY FOR POSTSYNAPTIC PLASTICITY, Annual Review of Neuroscience, vol.29, issue.1, pp.325-362, 2006.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112808

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1876664

N. Kosaka, H. Iguchi, Y. Yoshioka, F. Takeshita, Y. Matsuki et al., Secretory Mechanisms and Intercellular Transfer of MicroRNAs in Living Cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.285, issue.23, pp.17442-17452, 2010.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M110.107821

I. V. Kraev, O. V. Godukhin, I. V. Patrushev, H. A. Davies, V. I. Popov et al., Partial kindling induces neurogenesis, activates astrocytes and alters synaptic morphology in the dentate gyrus of freely moving adult rats, Neuroscience, vol.162, issue.2, pp.254-267, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.020

G. Lachenal, K. Pernet-gallay, M. Chivet, F. J. Hemming, A. Belly et al., Release of exosomes from differentiated neurons and its regulation by synaptic glutamatergic activity, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, vol.46, issue.2, pp.409-412, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.11.004

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00587340

K. Laulagnier, D. Grand, A. Dujardin, S. Hamdi, H. Vincent-schneider et al., PLD2 is enriched on exosomes and its activity is correlated to the release of exosomes, FEBS Letters, vol.187, issue.1-3, pp.11-14, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.06.082

J. Lu, T. D. Helton, T. A. Blanpied, B. Racz, T. M. Newpher et al., Postsynaptic Positioning of Endocytic Zones and AMPA Receptor Cycling by Physical Coupling of Dynamin-3 to Homer, Neuron, vol.55, issue.6, pp.874-889, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.06.041

R. C. Malenka and M. F. Bear, LTP and LTD, Neuron, vol.44, issue.1, pp.5-21, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.012

URL : http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.012

P. F. Maness and M. Schachner, Neural recognition molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily: signaling transducers of axon guidance and neuronal migration, Nature Neuroscience, vol.22, issue.1, pp.19-26, 2007.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1093923

H. Matsuo, J. Chevallier, N. Mayran, L. Blanc, I. Ferguson et al., Role of LBPA and Alix in Multivesicular Liposome Formation and Endosome Organization, Science, vol.303, issue.5657, pp.531-534, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1092425

M. Missotten, A. Nichols, K. Rieger, and R. Sadoul, Alix, a novel mouse protein undergoing calcium-dependent interaction with the apoptosis-linked-gene 2 (ALG-2) protein, Cell Death and Differentiation, vol.6, issue.2, pp.124-129, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400456

A. Montecalvo, A. T. Larregina, W. J. Shufesky, D. Beer-stolz, M. L. Sullivan et al., Mechanism of transfer of functional microRNAs between mouse dendritic cells via exosomes, Blood, vol.119, issue.3, pp.756-766, 2012.
DOI : 10.1182/blood-2011-02-338004

A. E. Morelli, A. T. Larregina, W. J. Shufesky, M. L. Sullivan, D. B. Stolz et al., Endocytosis, intracellular sorting, and processing of exosomes by dendritic cells, Blood, vol.104, issue.10, pp.3257-3266, 2004.
DOI : 10.1182/blood-2004-03-0824

M. Park, J. M. Salgado, L. Ostroff, T. D. Helton, C. G. Robinson et al., Plasticity-Induced Growth of Dendritic Spines by Exocytic Trafficking from Recycling Endosomes, Neuron, vol.52, issue.5, pp.817-830, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.040

D. M. Pegtel, K. Cosmopoulos, D. A. Thorley-lawson, M. A. Van-eijndhoven, E. S. Hopmans et al., Functional delivery of viral miRNAs via exosomes, Proc. Natl, 2010.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0914843107

V. I. Popov, N. I. Medvedev, I. V. Kraev, P. L. Gabbott, H. A. Davies et al., A cell adhesion molecule mimetic, FGL peptide, induces alterations in synapse and dendritic spine structure in the dentate gyrus of aged rats: a three-dimensional ultrastructural study, European Journal of Neuroscience, vol.40, issue.2, pp.301-314, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.06004.x

U. Putz, J. Howitt, J. Lackovic, N. Foot, S. Kumar et al., Nedd4 Family-interacting Protein 1 (Ndfip1) Is Required for the Exosomal Secretion of Nedd4 Family Proteins, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.283, issue.47, pp.32621-32627, 2008.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M804120200

L. Rajendran, M. Honsho, T. R. Zahn, P. Keller, K. D. Geiger et al., Alzheimer's disease beta-amyloid peptides are released in association with exosomes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.103, issue.30, pp.11172-11177, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0603838103

W. G. Regehr, M. R. Carey, and A. R. Best, Activity-Dependent Regulation of Synapses by Retrograde Messengers, Neuron, vol.63, issue.2, pp.154-170, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.06.021

H. B. Rind, R. Butowt, V. Bartheld, and C. S. , Synaptic Targeting of Retrogradely Transported Trophic Factors in Motoneurons: Comparison of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, and Cardiotrophin-1 with Tetanus Toxin, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.25, issue.3, pp.539-549, 2005.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4322-04.2005

R. Sahu, S. Kaushik, C. C. Clement, E. S. Cannizzo, B. Scharf et al., Microautophagy of Cytosolic Proteins by Late Endosomes, Developmental Cell, vol.20, issue.1, pp.131-139, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.12.003

A. Savina, C. M. Fader, M. T. Damiani, and M. I. Colombo, Rab11 Promotes Docking and Fusion of Multivesicular Bodies in a Calcium-Dependent Manner, Traffic, vol.5, issue.16, pp.131-143, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2004.00257.x

G. M. Schratt, F. Tuebing, E. A. Nigh, C. G. Kane, M. E. Sabatini et al., Corrigendum: A brain-specific microRNA regulates dendritic spine development, Nature, vol.439, issue.7095, pp.283-289, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nature04909

R. A. Sharples, L. J. Vella, R. M. Nisbet, R. Naylor, K. Perez et al., Inhibition of {gamma}secretase causes increased secretion of amyloid precursor protein Cterminal fragments in association with exosomes, FASEB J, vol.4, issue.4, 2008.

G. Siegel, G. Obernosterer, R. Fiore, M. Oehmen, S. Bicker et al., A functional screen implicates microRNA-138-dependent regulation of the depalmitoylation enzyme APT1 in dendritic spine morphogenesis, Nature Cell Biology, vol.11, issue.6, pp.705-716, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/nprot.2007.153

M. Simons, R. , and G. , Exosomes ??? vesicular carriers for intercellular communication, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol.21, issue.4, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ceb.2009.03.007

D. Skokos, H. G. Botros, C. Demeure, J. Morin, R. Peronet et al., Mast Cell-Derived Exosomes Induce Phenotypic and Functional Maturation of Dendritic Cells and Elicit Specific Immune Responses In Vivo, The Journal of Immunology, vol.170, issue.6, pp.3037-3045, 2003.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.170.6.3037

M. G. Stewart, H. A. Davies, C. Sandi, I. V. Kraev, V. V. Rogachevsky et al., Stress suppresses and learning induces plasticity in CA3 of rat hippocampus: A three-dimensional ultrastructural study of thorny excrescences and their postsynaptic densities, Neuroscience, vol.131, issue.1, pp.43-54, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.10.031

C. Subra, D. Grand, K. Laulagnier, A. Stella, G. Lambeau et al., Exosomes account for vesicle-mediated transcellular transport of activatable phospholipases and prostaglandins, The Journal of Lipid Research, vol.51, issue.8, pp.2105-2120, 2010.
DOI : 10.1194/jlr.M003657

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00497229

C. Thery, L. Zitvogel, and S. Amigorena, Exosomes: composition, biogenesis and function, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.2, pp.569-579, 2002.

G. G. Turrigiano, The Self-Tuning Neuron: Synaptic Scaling of Excitatory Synapses, Cell, vol.135, issue.3, pp.422-435, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2008.10.008

J. K. Utvik, C. Haglerod, M. N. Mylonakou, T. Holen, M. Kropf et al., Neuronal enriched endosomal protein of 21 kDa colocalizes with glutamate receptor subunit GLUR2/3 at the postsynaptic membrane, Neuroscience, vol.158, issue.1, pp.96-104, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.11.030

H. Valadi, K. Ekstrom, A. Bossios, M. Sjostrand, J. J. Lee et al., Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells, Nature Cell Biology, vol.175, issue.6, pp.654-659, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/pmic.200400876

F. G. Van-der-goot and J. Gruenberg, Intra-endosomal membrane traffic, Trends in Cell Biology, vol.16, issue.10, pp.514-521, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tcb.2006.08.003

V. Vingtdeux, M. Hamdane, A. Loyens, P. Gele, H. Drobeck et al., Alkalizing Drugs Induce Accumulation of Amyloid Precursor Protein By-products in Luminal Vesicles of Multivesicular Bodies, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.282, issue.25, pp.18197-18205, 2007.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M609475200

V. Bartheld, C. S. , A. , and A. L. , Multivesicular bodies in neurons: Distribution, protein content, and trafficking functions, Progress in Neurobiology, vol.93, issue.3, pp.313-340, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.01.003

Z. Wang, J. G. Edwards, N. Riley, D. W. Provance, . Jr et al., Myosin Vb Mobilizes Recycling Endosomes and AMPA Receptors for Postsynaptic Plasticity, Cell, vol.135, issue.3, pp.535-548, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.057

URL : http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.057