Aix-en-Provence: Centre Hospitalier du Pays Nice: Hôpital de l' ,
This work was supported by the Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; and by a grant from the Ministère de la santé ,
Is ventilator-associated pneumonia an independent risk factor for death? Anesthesiology, pp.554-560, 2001. ,
Nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients: A cohort study evaluating attributable mortality and hospital stay, The American Journal of Medicine, vol.94, issue.3, pp.281-288, 1993. ,
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9343(93)90060-3
Effect of ventilator-associated pneumonia on mortality and morbidity., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.154, issue.1, pp.91-97, 1996. ,
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.154.1.8680705
International Study of the Prevalence and Outcomes of Infection in Intensive Care Units, JAMA, vol.302, issue.21, pp.2323-2329, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1001/jama.2009.1754
Ventilator-associated pneumonia complicating the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine, pp.317-326, 2001. ,
Nosocomial Pneumonia in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.157, issue.4, pp.1165-1172, 1998. ,
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.157.4.9708057
Lower Respiratory Tract Colonization and Infection during Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.156, issue.4, pp.1092-1098, 1997. ,
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.156.4.9701065
Multicenter Prospective Study of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia During Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.161, issue.6, pp.1942-1948, 2000. ,
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.161.6.9909122
Pulmonary infection during the acute respiratory distress syndrome., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.152, issue.2, pp.550-556, 1995. ,
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.152.2.7633706
Pneumonia in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.158, issue.3, pp.870-875, 1998. ,
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.158.3.9706112
Cyclic Stretch of Human Lung Cells Induces an Acidification and Promotes Bacterial Growth, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol.38, issue.3, pp.362-370, 2008. ,
DOI : 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0114OC
Neuromuscular Blockers in Early Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.363, issue.12, pp.1107-1116, 2010. ,
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1005372
Early Antibiotic Treatment for BAL-Confirmed Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia, Chest, vol.127, issue.2, pp.589-597, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1378/chest.127.2.589
Diagnostic accuracy of protected catheter sampling in ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia, European Respiratory Journal, vol.16, issue.5, pp.969-975, 2000. ,
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.00.16596900
The mstate package for estimation and prediction in non-and semi-parametric multi-state and competing risks models. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine, pp.261-274, 2010. ,
Tutorial in biostatistics: competing risks and multi-state models. Statistics in medicine, pp.2389-2430, 2007. ,
Gender impact on the outcomes of critically ill patients with nosocomial infections*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.37, issue.9, pp.2506-2511, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a569df
The Biology of Human Sex Differences, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.354, issue.14, pp.1507-1514, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMra052529
Gene variants of the bactericidal/permeability increasing protein and lipopolysaccharide binding protein in sepsis patients, Critical Care Medicine, vol.29, issue.3, pp.557-561, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200103000-00015
The role of infection and comorbidity: Factors that influence disparities in sepsis, Critical Care Medicine, vol.34, issue.10, pp.2576-2582, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000239114.50519.0E
Gender-related differences in intensive care: a multiple-center cohort study of Forel et al. Critical Care, R65 therapeutic interventions and outcome in critically ill patients, pp.65-1901, 2003. ,
Risk factors for pneumonia and fatality in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation, Am Rev Respir Dis, vol.133, pp.792-796, 1986. ,
Incidence of and Risk Factors for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Critically Ill Patients, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol.129, issue.6, pp.433-440, 1998. ,
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-129-6-199809150-00002
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Trauma Patients Is Associated With Lower Mortality: Results From EU-VAP Study, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.69, issue.4, pp.849-854, 2010. ,
DOI : 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e4d7be
Nosocomial Pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit Acquired by Mechanically Ventilated versus Nonventilated Patients, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.182, issue.12, pp.1533-1539, 2010. ,
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.201001-0094OC
Bacterial Colonization Patterns in Mechanically Ventilated Patients with Traumatic and Medical Head Injury, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.159, issue.1, pp.188-198, 1999. ,
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.9803097
Ventilator-associated pneumonia by Staphylococcus aureus. Comparison of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive episodes., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.150, issue.6, pp.1545-1549, 1994. ,
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.150.6.7952612
Impact of sustained neuromuscular blockade on outcome of mechanically ventilated children, Pediatrics International, vol.36, issue.2, pp.438-443, 2010. ,
DOI : 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2010.03104.x
Risk factors for late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients receiving selective digestive decontamination, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.153, issue.1, pp.64-70, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-004-2514-z