Defining the critical hurdles in cancer immunotherapy
Bernard Fox
(1, 2)
,
Dolores Schendel
(3)
,
Lisa Butterfield
(4, 5, 6)
,
Steinar Aamdal
(7)
,
James Allison
(8, 9)
,
Paolo Antonio Ascierto
(10)
,
Michael Atkins
(11)
,
Jirina Bartunkova
(12)
,
Lothar Bergmann
(13)
,
Neil Berinstein
(14)
,
Cristina Bonorino
(15)
,
Ernest Borden
(16, 17)
,
Jonathan Bramson
(18)
,
Cedrik Britten
(19, 20)
,
Xuetao Cao
(21, 22)
,
William Carson
(23)
,
Alfred Chang
(24)
,
Dainius Characiejus
(25)
,
Raja A. Choudhury
(26)
,
George Coukos
(27)
,
Tanja de Gruijl
(28)
,
Robert Dillman
(29)
,
Harry Dolstra
(30)
,
Glenn Dranoff
(31, 32)
,
Lindy Durrant
(33)
,
James Finke
(34)
,
Jerome Galon
(35)
,
Jared Gollob
(36)
,
Cécile Gouttefangeas
(37)
,
Fabio Grizzi
(38)
,
Michele Guida
(39)
,
Leif Håkansson
(40, 41)
,
Kristen Hege
(42)
,
Ronald Herberman
(43)
,
Stephen F. Hodi
(44, 45)
,
Axel Hoos
(46)
,
Christoph Huber
(47)
,
Patrick Hwu
(48)
,
Kohzoh Imai
(49)
,
Elizabeth Jaffee
(50)
,
Sylvia Janetzki
(51)
,
Carl June
(52)
,
Pawel Kalinski
(5)
,
Howard Kaufman
(53)
,
Koji Kawakami
(54)
,
Yutaka Kawakami
(55)
,
Ulrich Keilholtz
(56)
,
Samir Khleif
(57)
,
Rolf Kiessling
(58)
,
Beatrix Kotlan
(59)
,
Guido Kroemer
(35)
,
Rejean Lapointe
(60)
,
Hyam Levitsky
(61)
,
Michael Lotze
(4, 5, 6)
,
Cristina Maccalli
(62)
,
Michele Maio
(63)
,
Jens-Peter Marschner
(64)
,
Michael Mastrangelo
(65)
,
Giuseppe Masucci
(66)
,
Ignacio Melero
(67)
,
Cornelius Melief
(68)
,
William Murphy
(69)
,
Brad Nelson
(70)
,
Andrea Nicolini
(71)
,
Michael Nishimura
(72)
,
Kunle Odunsi
(73)
,
Pamela Ohashi
(74)
,
Jill O'Donnell-Tormey
(75)
,
Lloyd Old
(76)
,
Christian Ottensmeier
(77)
,
Michael Papamichail
(78)
,
Giorgio Parmiani
(79)
,
Graham Pawelec
(80)
,
Enrico Proietti
(81)
,
Shukui Qin
(82)
,
Robert Rees
(83)
,
Antoni Ribas
(84)
,
Ruggero Ridolfi
(85)
,
Gerd Ritter
(8, 76)
,
Licia Rivoltini
(86)
,
Pedro Romero
(87)
,
Mohamed Salem
(88)
,
Rik Scheper
(89)
,
Barbara Seliger
(90)
,
Padmanee Sharma
(91)
,
Hiroshi Shiku
(92, 93)
,
Harpreet Singh-Jasuja
(94)
,
Wenru Song
(95)
,
Per Thor Straten
(96)
,
Hideaki Tahara
(97)
,
Zhigang Tian
(98, 99)
,
Sjoerd van Der Burg
(100)
,
Paul von Hoegen
(101)
,
Ena Wang
(102, 103)
,
Marij Welters
(104)
,
Hauke Winter
(105)
,
Tara Withington
(106)
,
Jedd Wolchok
(8)
,
Weihua Xiao
(107)
,
Laurence Zitvogel
(108)
,
Heinz Zwierzina
(109)
,
Francesco Marincola
(76)
,
Thomas Gajewski
(110)
,
Jon Wigginton
(111)
,
Mary Disis
(112)
1
Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology
2 Earle A. Chiles Research Institute
3 Clinical Cooperation Group "Immune Monitoring"
4 Division of Hematology Oncology
5 Department of Surgery
6 Department of Immunology
7 Department of Clinical Cancer Research
8 Memorial Sloane Kettering Cancer Center [New York]
9 HHMI - Howard Hughes Medical Institute
10 Medical Oncology and Innovative Therapy
11 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
12 Institute of Immunology
13 Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
14 IRX Therapeutics
15 Instituto Nacional para o Controle do Câncer
16 Department of Solid Tumor Oncology
17 Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research
18 Department of Pathology
19 University Medical Center Mainz
20 Ribological GmbH
21 Department of Immunology
22 Institute of Immunology
23 Department of Surgery
24 Department of Surgery
25 Institute of Oncology
26 Department of Medicine
27 Ovarian Cancer Research Center
28 Department of Medical Oncology
29 Hoag Institute for Research and Education
30 Department of Laboratory Medicine
31 Department of Medicine
32 Department of Medical Oncology
33 Academic Department of Clinical Oncology
34 Department of Immunology
35 CRC (UMR_S 872) - Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers
36 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals
37 Institute for Cell Biology
38 IRCCS Milan - Istituto Clinico Humanitas [Milan]
39 Oncology Department
40 University of Lund
41 CanImGuide Therapeutics AB
42 UC San Francisco - University of California [San Francisco]
43 Intrexon Corporation
44 Department of Medicine
45 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute [Boston]
46 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
47 Translational Oncology & Immunology
48 Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology
49 The Institute of Medical Science
50 Department of Oncology
51 ZellNet Consulting
52 Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
53 Rush University Cancer Center
54 School of Medicine and Public Health
55 Division of Cellular Signaling
56 Dept. of Hematology and Medical Oncology
57 Cancer Vaccine Section
58 Department of Oncology - Pathology
59 Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology
60 CR CHUM - Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal
61 School of Medicine
62 Department of Molecular Oncology
63 Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy
64 Merck KGaA
65 Department of Medical Oncology
66 Department of Oncology-Pathology
67 Department of Immunology
68 Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion
69 Davis Medical Center
70 Deeley Research Centre
71 Department of Internal Medicine
72 Oncology Institute
73 Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Program
74 Ontario Cancer Institute
75 CIC - Cancer Immunotherapy Consortium
76 Cancer Research
77 Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre
78 Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center
79 Unit of Immuno-Biotherapy of Melanoma and Solid Tumors
80 Center for Medical Research
81 Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences
82 Chinese PLA Cancer Center
83 The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre
84 Department of Medicine
85 Immunoterapia e Terapia Cellulare Somatica
86 Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors
87 Division of Clinical Onco-Immunology
88 Immunology and Biotechnology Unit
89 Department of Pathology
90 Institute of Medical Immunology
91 Departments of Immunology
92 Department of Cancer Vaccine
93 Department of Immuno-gene Therapy
94 Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH
95 Millennium: The Takeda Oncology Company
96 CCIT - Center for Cancer Immune Therapy
97 Department of Surgery and Bioengineering
98 Institute of Immunology
99 Institute of Immunopharmacology & Immunotherapy
100 Experimental Cancer Immunology and Therapy
101 Euraccine Consulting Group
102 IDIS - Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section
103 CHI - Center for Human Immunology
104 Experimental Cancer Immunology and Therapy
105 Department of Surgery
106 Biological Therapy of Cancer
107 Institute of Immunology
108 UMR 1015 - Immunologie des tumeurs et immunothérapie
109 Department Haematology and Oncology
110 Medical Center
111 Discovery Medicine-Oncology
112 Tumor Vaccine Group
2 Earle A. Chiles Research Institute
3 Clinical Cooperation Group "Immune Monitoring"
4 Division of Hematology Oncology
5 Department of Surgery
6 Department of Immunology
7 Department of Clinical Cancer Research
8 Memorial Sloane Kettering Cancer Center [New York]
9 HHMI - Howard Hughes Medical Institute
10 Medical Oncology and Innovative Therapy
11 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
12 Institute of Immunology
13 Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
14 IRX Therapeutics
15 Instituto Nacional para o Controle do Câncer
16 Department of Solid Tumor Oncology
17 Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research
18 Department of Pathology
19 University Medical Center Mainz
20 Ribological GmbH
21 Department of Immunology
22 Institute of Immunology
23 Department of Surgery
24 Department of Surgery
25 Institute of Oncology
26 Department of Medicine
27 Ovarian Cancer Research Center
28 Department of Medical Oncology
29 Hoag Institute for Research and Education
30 Department of Laboratory Medicine
31 Department of Medicine
32 Department of Medical Oncology
33 Academic Department of Clinical Oncology
34 Department of Immunology
35 CRC (UMR_S 872) - Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers
36 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals
37 Institute for Cell Biology
38 IRCCS Milan - Istituto Clinico Humanitas [Milan]
39 Oncology Department
40 University of Lund
41 CanImGuide Therapeutics AB
42 UC San Francisco - University of California [San Francisco]
43 Intrexon Corporation
44 Department of Medicine
45 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute [Boston]
46 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
47 Translational Oncology & Immunology
48 Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology
49 The Institute of Medical Science
50 Department of Oncology
51 ZellNet Consulting
52 Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
53 Rush University Cancer Center
54 School of Medicine and Public Health
55 Division of Cellular Signaling
56 Dept. of Hematology and Medical Oncology
57 Cancer Vaccine Section
58 Department of Oncology - Pathology
59 Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology
60 CR CHUM - Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal
61 School of Medicine
62 Department of Molecular Oncology
63 Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy
64 Merck KGaA
65 Department of Medical Oncology
66 Department of Oncology-Pathology
67 Department of Immunology
68 Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion
69 Davis Medical Center
70 Deeley Research Centre
71 Department of Internal Medicine
72 Oncology Institute
73 Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Program
74 Ontario Cancer Institute
75 CIC - Cancer Immunotherapy Consortium
76 Cancer Research
77 Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre
78 Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center
79 Unit of Immuno-Biotherapy of Melanoma and Solid Tumors
80 Center for Medical Research
81 Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences
82 Chinese PLA Cancer Center
83 The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre
84 Department of Medicine
85 Immunoterapia e Terapia Cellulare Somatica
86 Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors
87 Division of Clinical Onco-Immunology
88 Immunology and Biotechnology Unit
89 Department of Pathology
90 Institute of Medical Immunology
91 Departments of Immunology
92 Department of Cancer Vaccine
93 Department of Immuno-gene Therapy
94 Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH
95 Millennium: The Takeda Oncology Company
96 CCIT - Center for Cancer Immune Therapy
97 Department of Surgery and Bioengineering
98 Institute of Immunology
99 Institute of Immunopharmacology & Immunotherapy
100 Experimental Cancer Immunology and Therapy
101 Euraccine Consulting Group
102 IDIS - Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section
103 CHI - Center for Human Immunology
104 Experimental Cancer Immunology and Therapy
105 Department of Surgery
106 Biological Therapy of Cancer
107 Institute of Immunology
108 UMR 1015 - Immunologie des tumeurs et immunothérapie
109 Department Haematology and Oncology
110 Medical Center
111 Discovery Medicine-Oncology
112 Tumor Vaccine Group
Bernard Fox
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Lisa Butterfield
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James Allison
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Ernest Borden
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Glenn Dranoff
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Stephen F. Hodi
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Beatrix Kotlan
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Rejean Lapointe
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Michael Lotze
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Cornelius Melief
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Giorgio Parmiani
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Gerd Ritter
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Hiroshi Shiku
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Zhigang Tian
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Ena Wang
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Abstract
Scientific discoveries that provide strong evidence of antitumor effects in preclinical models often encounter significant delays before being tested in patients with cancer. While some of these delays have a scientific basis, others do not. We need to do better. Innovative strategies need to move into early stage clinical trials as quickly as it is safe, and if successful, these therapies should efficiently obtain regulatory approval and widespread clinical application. In late 2009 and 2010 the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC), convened an "Immunotherapy Summit" with representatives from immunotherapy organizations representing Europe, Japan, China and North America to discuss collaborations to improve development and delivery of cancer immunotherapy. One of the concepts raised by SITC and defined as critical by all parties was the need to identify hurdles that impede effective translation of cancer immunotherapy. With consensus on these hurdles, international working groups could be developed to make recommendations vetted by the participating organizations. These recommendations could then be considered by regulatory bodies, governmental and private funding agencies, pharmaceutical companies and academic institutions to facilitate changes necessary to accelerate clinical translation of novel immune-based cancer therapies. The critical hurdles identified by representatives of the collaborating organizations, now organized as the World Immunotherapy Council, are presented and discussed in this report. Some of the identified hurdles impede all investigators; others hinder investigators only in certain regions or institutions or are more relevant to specific types of immunotherapy or first-in-humans studies. Each of these hurdles can significantly delay clinical translation of promising advances in immunotherapy yet if overcome, have the potential to improve outcomes of patients with cancer.
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