E. Girardi, C. Sabin, and A. Monforte, Late Diagnosis of HIV Infection: Epidemiological Features, Consequences and Strategies to Encourage Earlier Testing, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.46, issue.Suppl 1, pp.3-8, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/01.qai.0000286597.57066.2b

E. Lanoy, M. Mary-krause, P. Tattevin, I. Perbost, I. Poizot-martin et al., Costagliola D: Frequency, determinants and consequences of delayed access to care for HIV infection in France, Antivir Ther, vol.12, pp.89-96, 2007.

M. Wolbers, H. Bucher, H. Furrer, M. Rickenbach, M. Cavassini et al., Delayed diagnosis of HIV infection and late initiation of antiretroviral therapy in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, HIV Medicine, vol.334, issue.(Suppl 1), pp.397-405, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00566.x

V. Borghi, E. Girardi, S. Bellelli, C. Angeletti, C. Mussini et al., Late Presenters in an HIV Surveillance System in Italy During the Period 1992-2006, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.49, issue.3, pp.282-286, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/QAI.0b013e318186eabc

K. Manavi, A. Mcmillan, M. Ogilvie, and G. Scott, Heterosexual men and women with HIV test positive at a later stage of infection than homo- or bisexual men, International Journal of STD & AIDS, vol.15, issue.12, pp.811-814, 2004.
DOI : 10.1258/0956462042563585

A. Sullivan, H. Curtis, C. Sabin, and M. Johnson, Newly diagnosed HIV infections: review in UK and Ireland, BMJ, vol.330, issue.7503, pp.1301-1302, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.38398.590602.E0

U. Collaborative and H. Cohort, Steering Committee: Late diagnosis in the HAART era: proposed common definitions and associations with mortality, AIDS, vol.24, pp.723-727, 2010.

T. Chadborn, K. Baster, V. Delpech, C. Sabin, K. Sinka et al., No time to wait: how many HIV-infected homosexual men are diagnosed late and consequently die? (England and Wales, 1993???2002), AIDS, vol.19, issue.5, pp.513-520, 1993.
DOI : 10.1097/01.aids.0000162340.43310.08

M. Egger, M. May, G. Chene, A. Phillips, B. Ledergerber et al., Prognosis of HIV-1-infected patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy: a collaborative analysis of prospective studies, The Lancet, vol.360, issue.9327, pp.119-129, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09411-4

T. Sterling, R. Chaisson, and R. Moore, HIV-1 RNA, CD4 T-lymphocytes, and clinical response to highly active antiretroviral therapy, AIDS, vol.15, issue.17, pp.2251-2257, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-200111230-00006

J. Castilla, P. Sobrino, D. La, F. Noguer, I. Guerra et al., Late diagnosis of HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, AIDS, vol.16, issue.14, pp.1945-1951, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-200209270-00012

T. Sterling, R. Chaisson, J. Keruly, and R. Moore, Improved Outcomes with Earlier Initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus???Infected Patients Who Achieve Durable Virologic Suppression: Longer Follow???Up of an Observational Cohort Study, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.188, issue.11, pp.1659-1665, 2003.
DOI : 10.1086/379741

A. Mocroft, S. Vella, T. Benfield, A. Chiesi, V. Miller et al., Changing patterns of mortality across Europe in patients infected with HIV-1, The Lancet, vol.352, issue.9142, pp.1725-1730, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)03201-2

L. Weinhardt, M. Carey, B. Johnson, and N. Bickham, Effects of HIV counseling and testing on sexual risk behavior: a meta-analytic review of published research, 1985-1997., American Journal of Public Health, vol.89, issue.9, pp.1397-1405, 1999.
DOI : 10.2105/AJPH.89.9.1397

R. Janssen, D. Holtgrave, R. Valdiserri, M. Shepherd, H. Gayle et al., The Serostatus Approach to Fighting the HIV Epidemic: prevention strategies for infected individuals, Am J Public Health, vol.91, pp.1019-1024, 2001.

H. Krentz, M. Auld, and M. Gill, The high cost of medical care for patients who present late (CD4<200 cells/muL) with HIV infection, HIV Medicine, vol.89, issue.2, pp.93-98, 2004.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.159.7.758

D. Donnell, J. Baeten, J. Kiarie, K. Thomas, W. Stevens et al., Heterosexual HIV-1 transmission after initiation of antiretroviral therapy: a prospective cohort analysis, The Lancet, vol.375, issue.9731, pp.2092-2098, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60705-2

E. Wood, T. Kerr, B. Marshall, K. Li, R. Zhang et al., Longitudinal community plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations and incidence of HIV-1 among injecting drug users: prospective cohort study, BMJ, vol.338, issue.apr30 1, p.1649, 2009.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.b1649

A. Sas, A. Defraye, and J. Buziarsist, Epidémiologie du SIDA et de l'infection à VIH en Belgique-Situation au 31 décembre, 2007.

Y. Yazdanpanah, G. Chene, E. Losina, S. Goldie, L. Merchadou et al., Incidence of primary opportunistic infections in two human immunodeficiency virus-infected French clinical cohorts, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.30, issue.4, pp.864-871, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/30.4.864

R. Ancelle-park, Expanded European AIDS case definition, The Lancet, vol.341, issue.8842, p.441, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0140-6736(93)93040-8

E. Girardi, M. Aloisi, C. Arici, P. Pezzotti, D. Serraino et al., Delayed Presentation and Late Testing for HIV: Demographic and Behavioral Risk Factors in a Multicenter Study in Italy, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.36, issue.4, pp.951-959, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/00126334-200408010-00009

J. Ioannidis, R. Bassett, M. Hughes, P. Volberding, H. Sacks et al., Predictors and Impact of Patients Lost to Follow-Up in a Long-Term Randomized Trial of Immediate Versus Deferred Antiretroviral Treatment, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, vol.16, issue.1, pp.22-30, 1997.
DOI : 10.1097/00042560-199709010-00004

M. Nacher, G. El, T. Vaz, V. Nasser, A. Randrianjohany et al., Risk factors for follow-up interruption of HIV patients in French Guiana, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.74, pp.915-917, 2006.

E. Lanoy, M. Mary-krause, P. Tattevin, R. Dray-spira, C. Duvivier et al., Predictors identified for losses to follow-up among HIV-seropositive patients, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol.59, issue.8, pp.829-835, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.11.024
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00086723

B. Lebouche, Y. Yazdanpanah, Y. Gerard, D. Sissoko, F. Ajana et al., Incidence rate and risk factors for loss to follow-up in a French clinical cohort of HIV-infected patients from January 1985 to January 1998, HIV Medicine, vol.21, issue.1, pp.140-145, 1985.
DOI : 10.1136/sti.79.4.349-b
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00200007

E. Couturier, V. Schwoebel, C. Michon, J. Hubert, M. Delmas et al., Determinants of delayed diagnosis of HIV infection in France, 1993???1995, AIDS, vol.12, issue.7, pp.795-800, 1993.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-199807000-00016

L. Perez-alvarez, M. Villahermosa, M. Cuevas, E. Delgado, N. Manjon et al., Single-and multidrug resistance mutations to reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors: human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients from two geographical areas in Spain. Spanish Groups for Antiretroviral Resistance Studies, J Hum Virol, vol.3, pp.150-156, 2000.

P. Wortley, S. Chu, T. Diaz, J. Ward, B. Doyle et al., HIV testing patterns: where, why, and when were persons with AIDS tested for HIV?, AIDS, vol.9, issue.5, pp.487-492, 1995.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-199509050-00011

M. Poznansky, R. Coker, C. Skinner, A. Hill, S. Bailey et al., HIV positive patients first presenting with an AIDS defining illness: characteristics and survival, BMJ, vol.311, issue.6998, pp.156-158, 1995.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.311.6998.156

E. Girardi, A. Sampaolesi, M. Gentile, G. Nurra, and G. Ippolito, Increasing Proportion of Late Diagnosis of HIV Infection Among Patients With AIDS in Italy Following Introduction of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.25, issue.1, pp.71-76, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00126334-200009010-00010

A. Mcdonald, Y. Li, G. Dore, R. H. Kaldor, and J. , Late HIV presentation among AIDS cases in Australia, 1992-2001, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, vol.13, issue.8, pp.608-613, 1992.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-842X.2003.tb00607.x

D. Klein, L. Hurley, D. Merrill, and C. Quesenberry, Review of Medical Encounters in the 5 Years Before a Diagnosis of HIV-1 Infection: Implications for Early Detection, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.32, issue.2, pp.143-152, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/00126334-200302010-00005

J. Samet, K. Freedberg, J. Savetsky, L. Sullivan, and M. Stein, Understanding delay to medical care for HIV infection: the long-term non-presenter, AIDS, vol.15, issue.1, pp.77-85, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-200101050-00012

J. Wasserfallen, A. Hyjazi, and M. Cavassini, Comparison of HIV-infected patients??? characteristics, healthcare resources use and cost between native and migrant patients, International Journal of Public Health, vol.54, issue.1, pp.5-10, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00038-008-7043-z

F. Burns, J. Imrie, J. Nazroo, A. Johnson, and K. Fenton, Why the(y) wait? Key informant understandings of factors contributing to late presentation and poor utilization of HIV health and social care services by African migrants in Britain, AIDS Care, vol.19, issue.1, pp.102-108, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-200307250-00013

A. Messiah, H. Navaline, A. Vogel, D. Tobin-fiore, and D. Metzger, Sociodemographic and Behavioral Characteristics Associated with Timeliness and Retention in a 6-Month Follow-up Study of High-Risk Injection Drug Users, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.157, issue.10, pp.930-939, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwg065

A. Chan, A. Palepu, D. Guh, H. Sun, M. Schechter et al., HIV-Positive Injection Drug Users Who Leave the Hospital Against Medical Advice, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.35, issue.1, pp.56-59, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/00126334-200401010-00008

R. Deyo and T. Inui, Dropouts and Broken Appointments, Medical Care, vol.18, issue.11, pp.1146-1157, 1980.
DOI : 10.1097/00005650-198011000-00006

B. Ndiaye, K. Ould-kaci, J. Salleron, P. Bataille, F. Bonnevie et al., Incidence rate and risk factors for loss to follow-up in HIV-infected patients from five French clinical centres in Northern France, Antivir Ther, vol.14, issue.4, pp.567-75, 1997.

G. Friedland and A. Williams, Attaining higher goals in HIV treatment: the central importance of adherence, AIDS, vol.13, pp.61-72, 1999.

Y. Yazdanpanah, C. Sloan, C. Charlois-ou, L. Vu, S. Semaille et al., Routine HIV Screening in France: Clinical Impact and Cost-Effectiveness, PLoS ONE, vol.5, issue.10, p.13132, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0013132.s001

C. Delpierre, L. Cuzin, and F. Lert, Routine testing to reduce late HIV diagnosis in France, BMJ, vol.334, issue.7608, pp.1354-1356, 2007.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.39225.458218.94
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00165578

C. Delpierre, L. Cuzin, V. Lauwers-cances, B. Marchou, and T. Lang, High-Risk Groups for Late Diagnosis of HIV Infection: A Need for Rethinking Testing Policy in the General Population, AIDS Patient Care and STDs, vol.20, issue.12, pp.838-847, 2006.
DOI : 10.1089/apc.2006.20.838