, are newly listed SNPs whose specifications are listed in Additional file 3: Supplemental Table S3 Binary marker genotyping was done by RFLP assay, DHPLC or direct sequencing. Each of the Phokaia and Smyrna samples were typed at 37 YSTRs listed in Additional file 4: Supplemental Table S4. The 51 samples from areas near Neolithic sites in Provence had derived alleles for the following markers, pp.198-269
, 31) whose surname was blindly determined to be of French origin, were genotyped for E-V13, M406, Page94, M423, M269 and all the following J-lineages: M304 and M92 as well as ten YSTRs for the J and E-V13 derived samples. DYS445 was typed in M530 derived samples (Schrac kB, The 323 samples from Corsica were only typed for E-V13, 2006.
, and four regions of Turkey (western Aegean, Marmara, central Anatolia and Mediterranean Turkey) [25]. Furthermore a Multidimensional Scaling analysis (MDS) (SPSS 18.0) was performed using the Fst measure as a distance metric across the 9 populations. An AMOVA comparing the effects of geography (Asia Minor vs. Mainland Greece) and religion/language (Christian/Greek vs. Muslim/Turkish ) was also calculated using these 9 populations. To analyze the impact of the attested Greek colonization of Provence, an admixture analysis [26] was conducted using a Basque population (n = 116) [27] as an indigenous (non-Neolithic pre-Greek) source population and the Phokaia/Smyrna data as the Greek colonizing source represented by E-V13 frequency. As a signal of putative Neolithic immigration to Provence, central Anatolian and Mediterranean Turkey data [25] were used. Specifically the following markers M92, M406 and J2a-(DYS445 = 6) were chosen as indicative of Neolithic ancestry. The frequencies of M92 and J2a-(DYS445 = 6) in the Basque population were estimated from their YSTR pattern [27]. In order t oa s s e s st h ed e g r e eo f E-V13 affinity, a 8 loci YSTR network using Phokaia, 24] to test the population affinities of the two Anatolian Greek samples to three mainland Greek samples and Corsica samples was constructed [28]. Networks were constructed by the median joining method using Network 4.5.0.2, where ? = 0 and microsatellite loci were weighted proportionally to the inverse of the repeat variance observed in each haplogroup [29]. Coalescent times for E-V13 based on the following 8 loci DYS19, 2000.
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