J. Andersen, L. Rouzic, E. Planelles, and V. , HIV-1 Vpr: Mechanisms of G2 arrest and apoptosis, Experimental and Molecular Pathology, vol.85, issue.1, pp.2-10, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.yexmp.2008.03.015

J. Dehart and V. Planelles, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr Links Proteasomal Degradation and Checkpoint Activation, Journal of Virology, vol.82, issue.3, pp.1066-1072, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.01628-07

K. Sakai, J. Dimas, and M. Lenardo, The Vif and Vpr accessory proteins independently cause HIV-1-induced T cell cytopathicity and cell cycle arrest, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.103, issue.9, pp.3369-3374, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0509417103

R. Barnitz, F. Wan, V. Tripuraneni, D. Bolton, and M. Lenardo, Protein Kinase A Phosphorylation Activates Vpr-Induced Cell Cycle Arrest during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection, Journal of Virology, vol.84, issue.13, pp.6410-6424, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.02273-09

J. Belzile, G. Duisit, N. Rougeau, J. Mercier, A. Finzi et al., HIV-1 Vpr-Mediated G2 Arrest Involves the DDB1-CUL4AVPRBP E3 Ubiquitin Ligase, PLoS Pathogens, vol.76, issue.7, p.85, 2007.
DOI : 1098-5514(2002)076[4125:HIVTVP]2.0.CO;2

D. Bolton, R. Barnitz, K. Sakai, and M. Lenardo, 14-3-3 theta binding to cell cycle regulatory factors is enhanced by HIV-1 Vpr, Biology Direct, vol.3, issue.1, p.17, 2008.
DOI : 10.1186/1745-6150-3-17

D. Bolton and M. Lenardo, Vpr Cytopathicity Independent of G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected CD4+ T Cells, Journal of Virology, vol.81, issue.17, pp.8878-8890, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.00122-07

J. Dehart, E. Zimmerman, O. Ardon, C. Monteiro-filho, E. Arganaraz et al., HIV-1 Vpr activates the G2 checkpoint through manipulation of the ubiquitin proteasome system, Virology Journal, vol.4, issue.1, p.57, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/1743-422X-4-57

K. Hrecka, M. Gierszewska, S. Srivastava, L. Kozaczkiewicz, S. Swanson et al., Lentiviral Vpr usurps Cul4-DDB1[VprBP] E3 ubiquitin ligase to modulate cell cycle, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.104, issue.28, pp.11778-11783, 2007.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0702102104
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1906728

T. Kino, A. Gragerov, A. Valentin, M. Tsopanomihalou, G. Ilyina-gragerova et al., Vpr Protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Binds to 14-3-3 Proteins and Facilitates Complex Formation with Cdc25C: Implications for Cell Cycle Arrest, Journal of Virology, vol.79, issue.5, pp.2780-2787, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.79.5.2780-2787.2005

L. Rouzic, E. Belaidouni, N. Estrabaud, E. Morel, M. Rain et al., HIV1 Vpr Arrests the Cell Cycle by Recruiting DCAF1/VprBP, a Receptor of the Cul4-DDB1 Ubiquitin Ligase, Cell Cycle, vol.6, issue.2, pp.182-188, 2007.
DOI : 10.4161/cc.6.2.3732

B. Schrofelbauer, Y. Hakata, and N. Landau, HIV-1 Vpr function is mediated by interaction with the damage-specific DNA-binding protein DDB1, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.104, issue.10, pp.4130-4135, 2007.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0610167104

L. Tan, E. Ehrlich, and X. Yu, DDB1 and Cul4A Are Required for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr-Induced G2 Arrest, Journal of Virology, vol.81, issue.19, pp.10822-10830, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.01380-07

X. Wen, K. Duus, T. Friedrich, and C. De-noronha, The HIV1 Protein Vpr Acts to Promote G2 Cell Cycle Arrest by Engaging a DDB1 and Cullin4A-containing Ubiquitin Ligase Complex Using VprBP/DCAF1 as an Adaptor, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.282, issue.37, pp.27046-27057, 2007.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M703955200

J. Dehart, A. Bosque, R. Harris, and V. Planelles, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vif Induces Cell Cycle Delay via Recruitment of the Same E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Complex That Targets APOBEC3 Proteins for Degradation, Journal of Virology, vol.82, issue.18, pp.9265-9272, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.00377-08

J. Wang, J. Shackelford, C. Casella, D. Shivers, E. Rapaport et al., The Vif accessory protein alters the cell cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infected cells, Virology, vol.359, issue.2, pp.243-252, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.virol.2006.09.026

J. Wang, J. Shackelford, N. Selliah, D. Shivers, O. Neill et al., The HIV-1 Vif Protein Mediates Degradation of Vpr and Reduces Vpr-Induced Cell Cycle Arrest, DNA and Cell Biology, vol.27, issue.5, pp.267-277, 2008.
DOI : 10.1089/dna.2007.0707

M. Doree and S. Galas, The cyclin-dependent protein kinases and the control of cell division, FASEB J, vol.8, pp.1114-1121, 1994.

Y. Masui, Towards understanding the control of the division cycle in animal cells, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, vol.70, issue.10-11, pp.920-945, 1992.
DOI : 10.1139/o92-138

C. Norbury and P. Nurse, Animal Cell Cycles and Their Control, Annual Review of Biochemistry, vol.61, issue.1, pp.441-470, 1992.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.bi.61.070192.002301

R. Ohi and K. Gould, Regulating the onset of mitosis, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol.11, issue.2, pp.267-273, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0955-0674(99)80036-2

W. Dunphy and A. Kumagai, The cdc25 protein contains an intrinsic phosphatase activity, Cell, vol.67, issue.1, pp.189-196, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90582-J

J. Gautier, M. Solomon, R. Booher, J. Bazan, and M. Kirschner, cdc25 is a specific tyrosine phosphatase that directly activates p34cdc2, Cell, vol.67, issue.1, pp.25197-211, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90583-K

T. Izumi and J. Maller, Elimination of cdc2 phosphorylation sites in the cdc25 phosphatase blocks initiation of M-phase., Molecular Biology of the Cell, vol.4, issue.12, pp.1337-1350, 1993.
DOI : 10.1091/mbc.4.12.1337

T. Lee and M. Kirschner, An inhibitor of p34cdc2/cyclin B that regulates the G2/M transition in Xenopus extracts., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.93, issue.1, pp.352-356, 1996.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.93.1.352

J. Millar, J. Blevitt, L. Gerace, K. Sadhu, C. Featherstone et al., p55CDC25 is a nuclear protein required for the initiation of mitosis in human cells., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.88, issue.23, pp.55-2510500, 1991.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.88.23.10500

U. Strausfeld, A. Fernandez, J. Capony, F. Girard, N. Lautredou et al., Activation of p34cdc2 protein kinase by microinjection of human cdc25C into mammalian cells. Requirement for prior phosphorylation of cdc25C by p34cdc2 on sites phosphorylated at mitosis, J Biol Chem, vol.269, pp.5989-6000, 1994.

I. Hoffmann, P. Clarke, M. Marcote, E. Karsenti, and G. Draetta, Phosphorylation and activation of human cdc25-C by cdc2?cyclin B and its involvement in the self-amplification of MPF at mitosis, EMBO J, vol.12, pp.53-63, 1993.

A. Hagting, M. Jackman, K. Simpson, and J. Pines, Translocation of cyclin B1 to the nucleus at prophase requires a phosphorylation-dependent nuclear import signal, Current Biology, vol.9, issue.13, pp.680-689, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0960-9822(99)80308-X

J. Pines and T. Hunter, Human cyclins A and B1 are differentially located in the cell and undergo cell cycle-dependent nuclear transport, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.115, issue.1, pp.1-17, 1991.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.115.1.1

J. Pines and T. Hunter, The differential localization of human cyclins A and B is due to a cytoplasmic retention signal in cyclin B, EMBO J, vol.13, pp.3772-3781, 1994.

J. Yang, E. Bardes, J. Moore, J. Brennan, M. Powers et al., Control of Cyclin B1 localization through regulated binding of the nuclear export factor??CRM1, Genes & Development, vol.12, issue.14, pp.2131-2143, 1998.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.12.14.2131

J. Yang, H. Song, S. Walsh, E. Bardes, and S. Kornbluth, Combinatorial Control of Cyclin B1 Nuclear Trafficking through Phosphorylation at Multiple Sites, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.276, issue.5, pp.3604-3609, 2001.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M008151200

F. Toyoshima-morimoto, E. Taniguchi, N. Shinya, A. Iwamatsu, and E. Nishida, Polo-like kinase 1 phosphorylates cyclin B1 and targets it to the nucleus during prophase, Nature, vol.10, issue.6825, pp.215-220, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/35065617

Y. Chou, J. Bischoff, D. Beach, and R. Goldman, Intermediate filament reorganization during mitosis is mediated by p34cdc2 phosphorylation of vimentin, Cell, vol.62, issue.6, pp.1063-1071, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90384-Q

G. Dessev, C. Iovcheva-dessev, J. Bischoff, D. Beach, and R. Goldman, A complex containing p34cdc2 and cyclin B phosphorylates the nuclear lamin and disassembles nuclei of clam oocytes in vitro, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.112, issue.4, pp.523-533, 1991.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.112.4.523

M. Peter, J. Nakagawa, M. Doree, J. Labbe, and E. Nigg, In vitro disassembly of the nuclear lamina and M phase-specific phosphorylation of lamins by cdc2 kinase, Cell, vol.61, issue.4, pp.591-602, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90471-P

H. Su, N. Bidere, L. Zheng, A. Cubre, K. Sakai et al., Requirement for Caspase-8 in NF-??B Activation by Antigen Receptor, Science, vol.307, issue.5714, pp.1465-1468, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1104765

W. Krek and E. Nigg, Mutations of p34cdc2 phosphorylation sites induce premature mitotic events in HeLa cells: evidence for a double block to p34cdc2 kinase activation in vertebrates, EMBO J, vol.10, pp.3331-3341, 1991.

W. Krek and E. Nigg, Differential phosphorylation of vertebrate p34cdc2 kinase at the G1/S and G2/M transitions of the cell cycle: identification of major phosphorylation sites, EMBO J, vol.10, pp.305-316, 1991.

C. Norbury, J. Blow, and P. Nurse, Regulatory phosphorylation of the p34cdc2 protein kinase in vertebrates, EMBO J, vol.10, pp.3321-3329, 1991.

J. He, S. Choe, R. Walker, D. Marzio, P. Morgan et al., Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral protein R (Vpr) arrests cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle by inhibiting p34cdc2 activity, J Virol, vol.69, pp.6705-6711, 1995.

J. Jowett, V. Planelles, B. Poon, N. Shah, M. Chen et al., The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpr gene arrests infected T cells in the G2 + M phase of the cell cycle, J Virol, vol.69, pp.6304-6313, 1995.

F. Re, D. Braaten, E. Franke, and J. Luban, Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr arrests the cell cycle in G2 by inhibiting the activation of p34cdc2-cyclin B, J Virol, vol.69, pp.6859-6864, 1995.

P. Gallant and E. Nigg, Cyclin B2 undergoes cell cycle-dependent nuclear translocation and, when expressed as a non-destructible mutant, causes mitotic arrest in HeLa cells, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.117, issue.1, pp.213-224, 1992.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.117.1.213

J. Ghiara, H. Richardson, K. Sugimoto, M. Henze, D. Lew et al., A cyclin B homolog in S. cerevisiae: Chronic activation of the Cdc28 protein kinase by cyclin prevents exit from mitosis, Cell, vol.65, issue.1, pp.163-174, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90417-W

S. Holloway, M. Glotzer, R. King, and A. Murray, Anaphase is initiated by proteolysis rather than by the inactivation of maturation-promoting factor, Cell, vol.73, issue.7, pp.1393-1402, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90364-V

A. Murray, M. Solomon, and M. Kirschner, The role of cyclin synthesis and degradation in the control of maturation promoting factor activity, Nature, vol.339, issue.6222, pp.280-286, 1989.
DOI : 10.1038/339280a0

M. Glotzer, A. Murray, and M. Kirschner, Cyclin is degraded by the ubiquitin pathway, Nature, vol.349, issue.6305, pp.132-138, 1991.
DOI : 10.1038/349132a0

A. Hershko, D. Ganoth, J. Pehrson, R. Palazzo, and L. Cohen, Methylated ubiquitin inhibits cyclin degradation in clam embryo extracts, J Biol Chem, vol.266, pp.16376-16379, 1991.

A. Murray and M. Kirschner, Cyclin synthesis drives the early embryonic cell cycle, Nature, vol.339, issue.6222, pp.275-280, 1989.
DOI : 10.1038/339275a0

J. Goncalves, P. Jallepalli, and D. Gabuzda, Subcellular localization of the Vif protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J Virol, vol.68, pp.704-712, 1994.

R. Fouchier, J. Simon, A. Jaffe, and M. Malim, Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif does not influence expression or virion incorporation of gag-, pol-, and env-encoded proteins, J Virol, vol.70, pp.8263-8269, 1996.

J. Simon, R. Fouchier, T. Southerling, C. Guerra, C. Grant et al., The Vif and Gag proteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 colocalize in infected human T cells, J Virol, vol.71, pp.5259-5267, 1997.

J. Simon, T. Southerling, J. Peterson, B. Meyer, and M. Malim, Complementation of vif-defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by primate, but not nonprimate, lentivirus vif genes, J Virol, vol.69, pp.4166-4172, 1995.

R. Fouchier, B. Meyer, J. Simon, U. Fischer, and M. Malim, HIV-1 infection of non-dividing cells: evidence that the amino-terminal basic region of the viral matrix protein is important for Gag processing but not for post-entry nuclear import, The EMBO Journal, vol.16, issue.15, pp.4531-4539, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/16.15.4531