G. Locke, . Iii, N. Talley, and S. Fett, Prevalence and clinical spectrum of gastroesophageal reflux: A population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, Gastroenterology, vol.112, issue.5, pp.1448-56, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-5085(97)70025-8

R. Jones, P. Hungin, and J. Phillips, Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in primary care in Europe: Clinical presentation and endoscopic findings, European Journal of General Practice, vol.41, issue.4, pp.149-55, 1995.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.31.4.401

N. Vakil, S. Van-zanten, and P. Kahrilas, The Montreal Definition and Classification of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Global Evidence-Based Consensus, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.2, issue.suppl 1, pp.1900-1920, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00630.x

T. Venables, R. Newland, and A. Patel, Omeprazole 10 Milligrams Once Daily, Omeprazole 20 Milligrams Once Daily, or Ranitidine 150 Milligrams Twice Daily, Evaluated as Initial Therapy for the Relief of Symptoms of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease in General Practice, Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.36, issue.5703, pp.965-73, 1997.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1996.44186000.x

S. Martinez, I. Malagon, and H. Garewal, Non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) - acid reflux and symptom patterns, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol.40, issue.7, pp.537-582, 2003.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.49.5.624

O. Junghard and K. Halling, Responsiveness of measures of heartburn improvement in non-erosive reflux disease, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, vol.5, issue.1, pp.32-39, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/1477-7525-5-32

A. Papa, R. Urgesi, and A. Grillo, diagnosis and treatment of non-erosive refl ux disease (NERD), Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol, vol.50, pp.215-241, 2004.

R. Fass, Erosive Esophagitis and Nonerosive Reflux Disease (NERD), Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, vol.41, issue.2, pp.131-138, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/01.mcg.0000225631.07039.6d

N. Talley, D. Armstrong, and O. Junghard, Predictors of treatment response in patients with non-erosive reflux disease, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol.140, issue.2, pp.371-377, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S1542-3565(05)00023-6

F. Ismail-beigi, P. Horton, C. Pope, and . Ii, Histological consequences of gastroesophageal refl ux in man, Gastroenterology, vol.58, pp.163-74, 1970.

N. Tobey, J. Carson, and R. Alkiek, Dilated intercellular spaces: A morphological feature of acid reflux-- damaged human esophageal epithelium, Gastroenterology, vol.111, issue.5, pp.1200-1205, 1996.
DOI : 10.1053/gast.1996.v111.pm8898633

E. Solcia, L. Villani, and O. Luinetti, Altered intercellular glycoconjugates and dilated intercellular spaces of esophageal epithelium in reflux disease, Virchows Archiv, vol.436, issue.3, pp.207-223, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s004280050032

M. Vieth, R. Fiocca, and J. Haringsma, Radial Distribution of Dilated Intercellular Spaces of the Esophageal Squamous Epithelium in Patients with Reflux Disease Exhibiting Discrete Endoscopic Lesions, Digestive Diseases, vol.22, issue.2, pp.208-220, 2004.
DOI : 10.1159/000080321

M. Vieth, U. Peitz, and J. Labenz, What Parameters Are Relevant for the Histological Diagnosis of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease without Barrett???s Mucosa?, Digestive Diseases, vol.22, issue.2, pp.196-201, 2004.
DOI : 10.1159/000080319

J. Dent, Microscopic Esophageal Mucosal Injury in Nonerosive Reflux Disease, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol.5, issue.1, pp.4-16, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cgh.2006.08.006

A. Edebo, M. Vieth, and W. Tam, Circumferential and axial distribution of esophageal mucosal damage in reflux disease, Diseases of the Esophagus, vol.20, issue.3, pp.232-240, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2007.00678.x

R. Fiocca, K. Riddell, and M. Takubo, Microscopic esophagitis: interobserver consistency using consensus-based criteria, Gut, vol.56, pp.75-81, 2007.

R. Kiesslich, S. Kanzler, and M. Vieth, Minimal Change Esophagitis: Prospective Comparison of Endoscopic and Histological Markers between Patients with Non-Erosive Reflux Disease and Normal Controls Using Magnifying Endoscopy, Digestive Diseases, vol.22, issue.2, pp.221-228, 2004.
DOI : 10.1159/000080323

M. Bove, M. Vieth, and F. Dombrowski, Acid Challenge to the Human Esophageal Mucosa: Effects on Epithelial Architecture in Health and Disease, Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol.200, issue.Suppl 1, pp.1488-96, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s10620-005-2867-3

D. Armstrong, M. Vieth, and P. Deprez, Esomeprazole therapy and esophageal histology in endoscopy-negative refl ux disease (ENRD) ? the CHEER Study, Gastroenterology, vol.124, p.416, 2003.

M. Vieth, M. Kulig, and A. Leodolter, Histological effects of esomeprazole therapy on the squamous epithelium of the distal oesophagus, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol.25, issue.2, pp.313-322, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05532.x

C. Calabrese, M. Bortolotti, and A. Fabbri, Reversibility of GERD Ultrastructural Alterations and Relief of Symptoms After Omeprazole Treatment, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.111, issue.2, pp.537-579, 2005.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2036.17.s1.6.x

M. Stolte, M. Vieth, and J. Schmitz, Eff ects of long-term treatment with proton pump inhibitors in gastro-oesophageal refl ux disease on the histological fi ndings in the lower oesophagus, Scand J Gastroenterol, vol.35, pp.1125-1155, 2000.

L. Lundell, S. Attwood, and C. Ell, Comparing laparoscopic antireflux surgery with esomeprazole in the management of patients with chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a 3-year interim analysis of the LOTUS trial, Gut, vol.57, issue.9, pp.1207-1220, 2008.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2008.148833

S. Attwood, L. Lundell, and C. Ell, Standardization of Surgical Technique in Antireflux Surgery: The LOTUS Trial Experience, World Journal of Surgery, vol.34, issue.6, pp.995-1003, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00268-007-9409-4

B. Weusten, J. Roelofs, and L. Akkermans, The symptom-association probability: An improved method for symptom analysis of 24-hour esophageal pH data, Gastroenterology, vol.107, issue.6, pp.1741-1746, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90815-X

L. Mastracci, P. Spaggiari, and F. Grillo, Microscopic esophagitis in gastro-esophageal reflux disease: individual lesions, biopsy sampling, and clinical correlations, Virchows Archiv, vol.5, issue.1, pp.31-40, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00428-008-0704-8

G. Furuta, C. Liacouras, and M. Collins, Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children and Adults: A Systematic Review and Consensus Recommendations for Diagnosis and Treatment, Gastroenterology, vol.133, issue.4, pp.1342-63, 2007.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.08.017

J. Wenner, J. Johansson, and F. Johnsson, Optimal Thresholds and Discriminatory Power of 48-h Wireless Esophageal pH Monitoring in the Diagnosisof GERD, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.37, issue.2, pp.1862-1871, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gassur.2005.07.011

H. Stein, W. Kauer, and H. Feussner, Bile reflux in benign and malignant Barrett's esophagus: effect of medical acid suppression and Nissen fundoplication, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, vol.2, issue.4, pp.333-374, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S1091-255X(98)80072-3

A. Bredenoord, W. Draaisma, and B. Weusten, Mechanisms of acid, weakly acidic and gas reflux after anti-reflux surgery, Gut, vol.57, issue.2, pp.161-167, 2008.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2007.133298

URL : http://gut.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/57/2/161

M. Vela, L. Camacho-lobato, and R. Srinivasan, Simultaneous intraesophageal impedance and pH measurement of acid and nonacid gastroesophageal reflux: Effect of omeprazole, Gastroenterology, vol.120, issue.7, pp.1599-606, 2001.
DOI : 10.1053/gast.2001.24840

J. Hatlebakk, L. Lundell, and J. Galmiche, Initial control of acid refl ux aft er laparoscopic antirefl ux surgery (LARS) compared to chronic use of esomeprazole (ESO) 20 ? 40 mg daily, DDW Abstract Gastroenterology, vol.134, issue.1, p.125, 2008.

L. Lundell, N. Havu, and P. Miettinen, Changes of gastric mucosal architecture during long-term omeprazole therapy: results of a randomized clinical trial, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol.89, issue.186, pp.639-686, 2006.
DOI : 10.1080/00365520410003362

L. Lundell, P. Miettinen, and H. Myrvold, Th e Nordic GERD Study Group Comparison of outcome twelve years aft er antirefl ux surgery or omeprazole maintenance therapy for refl ux esophagitis, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, p.31, 2009.

G. Champion, J. Richter, and M. Vaezi, Duodenogastroesophageal reflux: Relationship to pH and importance in Barrett's esophagus, Gastroenterology, vol.107, issue.3, pp.747-54, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90123-6

A. Microscopic, Esophagitis after Esomeprazole or LARS List of principal investigators at each center and country coordinators (continued) Hiller ø d Hiller ø d Hospital Per

W. Germany and . Rzburg, Universit ä tsklinikum Martin Fein J ö rn Maroske Wiesbaden Dr-Horst ? Schmidt-Kliniken GmbH Christian Ell K ö ln Uniklinik und Poliklinik f ü r Visceral-und Gef ä ß chirurgie Arnulf H ö lscher Hamburg Israelitisches Krankenhaus Hamburg Carsten Zornig T ü bingen Klinikum der Eberhard-Karls

T. St, O. Hospital, H. Aker-universitetssykehus-hf-j-Ø-rgen-jahnsen-kristiansand, S. Rlandet-sykehus, and H. , Asbj ø rn Stallemo Oslo Ullev å l universitetssykehus HF Olav Sandstad Troms ø