C. Allen, T. Celikel, and D. Feldman, Long-term depression induced by sensory deprivation during cortical map plasticity in vivo, Nature Neuroscience, vol.6, issue.3, pp.291-299, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nn1012

L. Antar, R. Afroz, J. Dictenberg, R. Carroll, and G. Bassell, Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Activation Regulates Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein and Fmr1 mRNA Localization Differentially in Dendrites and at Synapses, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.24, issue.11, pp.2648-2655, 2004.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0099-04.2004

L. Antar, C. Li, H. Zhang, R. Carroll, and G. Bassell, Local functions for FMRP in axon growth cone motility and activity-dependent regulation of filopodia and spine synapses, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, vol.32, issue.1-2, pp.37-48, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.02.001

M. Armstrong-james, The functional status and columnar organization of single cells responding to cutaneous stimulation in neonatal rat somatosensory cortex S1., The Journal of Physiology, vol.246, issue.3, pp.501-538, 1975.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp010902

C. Ashley, . Jr, K. Wilkinson, D. Reines, and S. Warren, FMR1 protein: conserved RNP family domains and selective RNA binding, Science, vol.262, issue.5133, pp.563-566, 1993.
DOI : 10.1126/science.7692601

G. Bassell and S. Warren, Fragile X Syndrome: Loss of Local mRNA Regulation Alters Synaptic Development and Function, Neuron, vol.60, issue.2, pp.201-214, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.004

M. Bear, K. Huber, and S. Warren, The mGluR theory of fragile X mental retardation, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.27, issue.7, pp.370-377, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tins.2004.04.009

K. Bender, C. Allen, V. Bender, and D. Feldman, Synaptic Basis for Whisker Deprivation-Induced Synaptic Depression in Rat Somatosensory Cortex, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.26, issue.16, pp.4155-4165, 2006.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0175-06.2006

K. Bender, J. Rangel, and D. Feldman, Development of columnar topography in the excitatory layer 4 to layer 2/3 projection in rat barrel cortex, J Neurosci, vol.23, pp.8759-8770, 2003.

K. Braun and M. Segal, FMRP Involvement in Formation of Synapses among Cultured Hippocampal Neurons, Cerebral Cortex, vol.10, issue.10, pp.1045-1052, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/cercor/10.10.1045

A. Brown, P. Yates, P. Burrola, D. Ortuno, A. Vaidya et al., Topographic Mapping from the Retina to the Midbrain Is Controlled by Relative but Not Absolute Levels of EphA Receptor Signaling, Cell, vol.102, issue.1, pp.77-88, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00012-X

V. Brown, J. P. Ceman, S. Darnell, J. , O. Donnell et al., Microarray Identification of FMRP-Associated Brain mRNAs and Altered mRNA Translational Profiles in Fragile X Syndrome, Cell, vol.107, issue.4, pp.477-487, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00568-2

I. Bureau, G. Shepherd, and K. Svoboda, Precise Development of Functional and Anatomical Columns in the Neocortex, Neuron, vol.42, issue.5, pp.789-801, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.05.002

I. Bureau, G. Shepherd, and K. Svoboda, Circuit and Plasticity Defects in the Developing Somatosensory Cortex of Fmr1 Knock-Out Mice, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.28, issue.20, pp.5178-5188, 2008.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1076-08.2008

E. Callaway and L. Katz, Photostimulation using caged glutamate reveals functional circuitry in living brain slices., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.90, issue.16, pp.7661-7665, 1993.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.90.16.7661

E. Callaway and J. Lieber, Development of axonal arbors of layer 6 pyramidal neurons in ferret primary visual cortex, The Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol.9, issue.2, pp.295-305, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19961209)376:2<295::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-L

G. Campbell and C. Shatz, Synapses formed by identified retinogeniculate axons during the segregation of eye input, J Neurosci, vol.12, pp.1847-1858, 1992.

L. Chen and M. Toth, Fragile X mice develop sensory hyperreactivity to auditory stimuli, Neuroscience, vol.103, issue.4, pp.1043-1050, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00036-7

T. Comery, J. Harris, P. Willems, B. Oostra, S. Irwin et al., Abnormal dendritic spines in fragile X knockout mice: Maturation and pruning deficits, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.94, issue.10, pp.5401-5404, 1997.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.94.10.5401

J. Darnell, C. Fraser, O. Mostovetsky, G. Stefani, T. Jones et al., Kissing complex RNAs mediate interaction between the Fragile-X mental retardation protein KH2 domain and brain polyribosomes, Genes & Development, vol.19, issue.8, pp.903-918, 2005.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.1276805

J. Darnell, K. Jensen, J. P. Brown, V. Warren, S. Darnell et al., Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Targets G Quartet mRNAs Important for Neuronal Function, Cell, vol.107, issue.4, pp.489-499, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00566-9

N. Desai, T. Casimiro, S. Gruber, and P. Vanderklish, Early Postnatal Plasticity in Neocortex of Fmr1 Knockout Mice, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.96, issue.4, pp.1734-1745, 2006.
DOI : 10.1152/jn.00221.2006

G. Dölen, E. Osterweil, B. Rao, G. Smith, B. Auerbach et al., Correction of Fragile X Syndrome in Mice, Neuron, vol.56, issue.6, pp.955-962, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.12.001

Y. Feng, D. Absher, D. Eberhart, V. Brown, H. Malter et al., FMRP Associates with Polyribosomes as an mRNP, and the I304N Mutation of Severe Fragile X Syndrome Abolishes This Association, Molecular Cell, vol.1, issue.1, pp.109-118, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80012-X

Y. Feng, C. Gutekunst, D. Eberhart, H. Yi, S. Warren et al., Fragile X mental retardation protein: nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and association with somatodendritic ribosomes, J Neurosci, vol.17, pp.1539-1547, 1997.

F. Ferrari, V. Mercaldo, G. Piccoli, C. Sala, S. Cannata et al., The fragile X mental retardation protein???RNP granules show an mGluR-dependent localization in the post-synaptic spines, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, vol.34, issue.3, pp.343-354, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.11.015

G. Finnerty, L. Roberts, and B. Connors, Sensory experience modifies the short-term dynamics of neocortical synapses, Nature, vol.400, pp.367-371, 1999.

L. Gabel, S. Won, H. Kawai, M. Mckinney, A. Tartakoff et al., Visual Experience Regulates Transient Expression and Dendritic Localization of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.24, issue.47, pp.10579-10583, 2004.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2185-04.2004

J. Gibson, A. Bartley, S. Hays, and K. Huber, Imbalance of Neocortical Excitation and Inhibition and Altered UP States Reflect Network Hyperexcitability in the Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.100, issue.5, pp.2615-2626, 2008.
DOI : 10.1152/jn.90752.2008

A. Grossman, N. Elisseou, B. Mckinney, and W. Greenough, Hippocampal pyramidal cells in adult Fmr1 knockout mice exhibit an immature-appearing profile of dendritic spines, Brain Research, vol.1084, issue.1, pp.158-164, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.044

J. Hanson and D. Madison, Presynaptic Fmr1 Genotype Influences the Degree of Synaptic Connectivity in a Mosaic Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.27, issue.15, pp.4014-4018, 2007.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4717-06.2007

U. Hengst, L. Cox, E. &. Macosko, and S. Jaffrey, Functional and Selective RNA Interference in Developing Axons and Growth Cones, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.26, issue.21, pp.5727-5732, 2006.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5229-05.2006

H. Hu, Y. Qin, G. Bochorishvili, Y. Zhu, L. Van-aelst et al., Ras Signaling Mechanisms Underlying Impaired GluR1-Dependent Plasticity Associated with Fragile X Syndrome, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.28, issue.31, pp.7847-7862, 2008.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1496-08.2008

K. Huber, S. Gallagher, S. Warren, and M. Bear, Altered synaptic plasticity in a mouse model of fragile X mental retardation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.99, issue.11, pp.7746-7750, 2002.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.122205699

S. Irwin, B. Patel, M. Idupulapati, J. Harris, R. Crisostomo et al., Abnormal dendritic spine characteristics in the temporal and visual cortices of patients with fragile-X syndrome: A quantitative examination, American Journal of Medical Genetics, vol.38, issue.2, pp.161-167, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/1096-8628(20010115)98:2<161::AID-AJMG1025>3.0.CO;2-B

P. Jin and S. Warren, Understanding the molecular basis of fragile X syndrome, Human Molecular Genetics, vol.9, issue.6, pp.901-908, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/hmg/9.6.901

L. Katz, Specificity in the Development of Vertical Connections in Cat Striate Cortex, European Journal of Neuroscience, vol.101, issue.1, pp.1-9, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00711091

S. Koekkoek, K. Yamaguchi, B. Milojkovic, B. Dortland, T. Ruigrok et al., Deletion of FMR1 in Purkinje Cells Enhances Parallel Fiber LTD, Enlarges Spines, and Attenuates Cerebellar Eyelid Conditioning in Fragile X Syndrome, Neuron, vol.47, issue.3, pp.339-352, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.07.005

L. Bé, J. Markram, and H. , Spontaneous and evoked synaptic rewiring in the neonatal neocortex, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.103, issue.35, pp.13214-13219, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0604691103

B. Lendvai, E. Stern, B. Chen, and K. Svoboda, Experience-dependent plasticity of dendritic spines in the developing rat barrel cortex in vivo, Nature, vol.404, issue.6780, pp.876-881, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/35009107

B. Mckinney, A. Grossman, N. Elisseou, and W. Greenough, Dendritic spine abnormalities in the occipital cortex of C57BL/6 Fmr1 knockout mice, Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet, vol.136, pp.98-102, 2005.

C. Michel, R. Kraft, and L. Restifo, Defective Neuronal Development in the Mushroom Bodies of Drosophila Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 Mutants, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.24, issue.25, pp.5798-5809, 2004.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1102-04.2004

S. Musumeci, P. Bosco, G. Calabrese, C. Bakker, D. Sarro et al., Audiogenic Seizures Susceptibility in Transgenic Mice with Fragile X Syndrome, Epilepsia, vol.17, issue.1, pp.19-23, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/hmg/5.8.1083

E. Nimchinsky, A. Oberlander, and K. Svoboda, Abnormal development of dendritic spines in FMR1 knock-out mice, J Neurosci, vol.21, pp.5139-5146, 2001.

L. Pan, Y. Zhang, E. Woodruff, and K. Broadie, The Drosophila Fragile X Gene Negatively Regulates Neuronal Elaboration and Synaptic Differentiation, Current Biology, vol.14, issue.20, pp.1863-1870, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2004.09.085

W. Paradee, H. Melikian, D. Rasmussen, A. Kenneson, P. Conn et al., Fragile X mouse: strain effects of knockout phenotype and evidence suggesting deficient amygdala function, Neuroscience, vol.94, issue.1, pp.185-192, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0306-4522(99)00285-7

B. Pfeiffer and K. Huber, Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Induces Synapse Loss through Acute Postsynaptic Translational Regulation, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.27, issue.12, pp.3120-3130, 2007.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0054-07.2007

L. Restivo, F. Ferrari, E. Passino, C. Sgobio, J. Bock et al., Enriched environment promotes behavioral and morphological recovery in a mouse model for the fragile X syndrome, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.102, issue.32, pp.11557-11562, 2005.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0504984102

G. Shepherd, T. Pologruto, and K. Svoboda, Circuit Analysis of Experience-Dependent Plasticity in the Developing Rat Barrel Cortex, Neuron, vol.38, issue.2, pp.277-289, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00152-1

G. Shepherd and K. Svoboda, Laminar and Columnar Organization of Ascending Excitatory Projections to Layer 2/3 Pyramidal Neurons in Rat Barrel Cortex, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.25, issue.24, 2005.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1173-05.2005

H. Siomi, M. Siomi, R. Nussbaum, and G. Dreyfuss, The protein product of the fragile X gene, FMR1, has characteristics of an RNA-binding protein, Cell, vol.74, issue.2, pp.291-298, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90420-U

M. Siomi, Y. Zhang, H. Siomi, and G. Dreyfuss, Specific sequences in the fragile X syndrome protein FMR1 and the FXR proteins mediate their binding to 60S ribosomal subunits and the interactions among them., Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.16, issue.7, pp.3825-3832, 1996.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.16.7.3825

C. Tessier and K. Broadie, Drosophila fragile X mental retardation protein developmentally regulates activity-dependent axon pruning, Development, vol.135, issue.8, pp.1547-1557, 2008.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.015867

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3988902

P. Todd and K. Mack, Sensory stimulation increases cortical expression of the fragile X mental retardation protein in vivo, Molecular Brain Research, vol.80, issue.1, pp.17-25, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-328X(00)00098-X

P. Todd, J. Malter, and K. Mack, Whisker stimulation-dependent translation of FMRP in the barrel cortex requires activation of type I metabotropic glutamate receptors, Molecular Brain Research, vol.110, issue.2, pp.267-278, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-328X(02)00657-5

A. Verkerk, M. Pieretti, J. Sutcliffe, Y. Fu, D. Kuhl et al., Identification of a gene (FMR-1) containing a CGG repeat coincident with a breakpoint cluster region exhibiting length variation in fragile X syndrome, Cell, vol.65, issue.5, pp.905-914, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90397-H

I. Weiler, S. Irwin, A. Klintsova, C. Spencer, A. Brazelton et al., Fragile X mental retardation protein is translated near synapses in response to neurotransmitter activation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.94, issue.10, pp.5395-5400, 1997.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.94.10.5395

T. Woolsey and . Hvd, The structural organization of layer IV in the somatosensory region (S I) of mouse cerebral cortex, Brain Research, vol.17, issue.2, pp.205-242, 1970.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-8993(70)90079-X