M. Prass, Direct measurement of the lamellipodial protrusive force in a migrating cell, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.7, issue.6, pp.767-772, 2006.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.200207148

O. T. Fackler and R. Grosse, Cell motility through plasma membrane blebbing, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.24, issue.6, pp.879-884, 2008.
DOI : 10.1242/jcs.03152

E. Evans, Kinetics of granulocyte phagocytosis: Rate limited by cytoplasmic viscosity and constrained by cell size, Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton, vol.158, issue.4, pp.544-551, 1989.
DOI : 10.1002/cm.970140411

R. Shamri, Lymphocyte arrest requires instantaneous induction of an extended LFA-1 conformation mediated by endothelium-bound chemokines, Nature Immunology, vol.165, issue.5, pp.497-606, 2005.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.20030182

B. Rappaz, Spatial analysis of erythrocyte membrane fluctuations by digital holographic microscopy, Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases, vol.42, issue.3, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bcmd.2009.01.018

J. Evans, Fluctuations of the Red Blood Cell Membrane: Relation to Mechanical Properties and Lack of ATP Dependence, Biophysical Journal, vol.94, issue.10, pp.4134-4144, 2008.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.107.117952

A. Y. Krol, Local mechanical oscillations of the cell surface within the range 0.2?30 Hz, European Biophysics Journal, vol.19, issue.2, pp.93-99, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00185092

A. E. Pelling, Mapping correlated membrane pulsations and fluctuations in human cells, Journal of Molecular Recognition, vol.70, issue.6, pp.467-475, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/jmr.832

B. Szabo, Atomic force microscopy of height fluctuations of fibroblast cells Brownian motion of nucleated cell envelopes impedes adhesion, Phys. Rev. E Phys. Rev. Letters, vol.65, issue.96, p.041910048103, 2002.

A. Pierres, How cells tiptoe on adhesive surfaces before sticking Neurosensory mechanotransduction, Biophys. J. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol, vol.94, issue.10, pp.4114-412244, 2008.

G. Chaurasia, UniHI 4: new tools for query, analysis and visualization of the human protein-protein interactome, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.37, issue.Database, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkn841

R. Zaidel-bar, Functional atlas of the integrin adhesome, Nature Cell Biology, vol.135, issue.8, pp.858-867, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/bth163

A. Bershadsky, M. Kozlov, and B. Geiger, Adhesion-mediated mechanosensitivity: a time to experiment, and a time to theorize, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol.18, issue.5, pp.472-281, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ceb.2006.08.012

D. Geiger, J. P. Spatz, and A. D. Bershadsky, Environmental sensing through focal adhesions, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol.8, issue.1, pp.21-33, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/nrm2593

URL : http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0010-3D56-D

M. A. Schwartz and D. W. Desimone, Cell adhesion receptors in mechanotransduction, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol.20, issue.5, pp.551-556, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ceb.2008.05.005

D. M. Rosenbaum, GPCR Engineering Yields High-Resolution Structural Insights into ??2-Adrenergic Receptor Function, Science, vol.318, issue.5854, pp.1266-1273, 2007.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1150609

P. Wipff and B. Hinz, Integrins and the activation of latent transforming growth factor ??1 ??? An intimate relationship, European Journal of Cell Biology, vol.87, issue.8-9, pp.601-615, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejcb.2008.01.012

D. Rio and A. , Stretching single talin rod molecules activates vinculing binding, Science, vol.323, pp.638-641, 2009.

R. Alon and M. L. Dustin, Force as a Facilitator of Integrin Conformational Changes during Leukocyte Arrest on Blood Vessels and Antigen-Presenting Cells, Immunity, vol.26, issue.1, pp.17-27, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.01.002

L. Landau and E. Lifchitz, Physique Statistique, 1967.

Y. Yang, Contacts between membrane proximal regions of the PDGF receptor ectodomain are required for receptor activation but not for receptor dimerization Force-induced growth of adhesion domains is controlled by receptor mobility, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, pp.7681-76866906, 2008.

A. 44-tozeren, K. L. Sung, and S. Chien, Theoretical and experimental studies on cross-bridge migration during cell disaggregation, Biophysical Journal, vol.55, issue.3, pp.479-487, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(89)82841-3

N. G. Burroughs, Ligand Detection and Discrimination by Spatial Relocalization: A Kinase-Phosphatase Segregation Model of TCR Activation, Biophysical Journal, vol.91, issue.5, pp.1619-1629, 2006.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.105.080044

K. D. Patel, P-selectin must extend a sufficient length from the plasma membrane to mediate rolling of neutrophils, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.131, issue.6, pp.1893-1902, 1995.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.131.6.1893

S. Sabri, Glycocalyx modulation is a physiological means of regulating cell adhesion, J. Cell Sci, vol.113, pp.1589-1600, 2000.

F. L. 48-brown, Regulation of Protein Mobility via Thermal Membrane Undulations, Biophysical Journal, vol.84, issue.2, pp.842-853, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(03)74903-0

K. D. 49-mossman, Altered TCR Signaling from Geometrically Repatterned Immunological Synapses, Science, vol.310, issue.5751, pp.1191-1193, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1119238

B. J. 50-reynwar, Aggregation and vesiculation of membrane proteins by curvature-mediated interactions, Nature, vol.69, issue.7143, pp.461-464, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nature05840

S. Suetsugu, The RAC Binding Domain/IRSp53-MIM Homology Domain of IRSp53 Induces RAC-dependent Membrane Deformation, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.281, issue.46, pp.35347-35358, 2006.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M606814200

M. Herant, V. Heinrich, and M. Dembo, Mechanics of neutrophil phagocytosis: behavior of the cortical tension, Journal of Cell Science, vol.118, issue.9, pp.1789-1797, 2005.
DOI : 10.1242/jcs.02275

E. 53-tabdanov, Role of E-Cadherin in Membrane-Cortex Interaction Probed by Nanotube Extrusion, Biophysical Journal, vol.96, issue.6, pp.2457-2465, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.11.059

A. Pierres, DISSECTING INDIVIDUAL LIGAND???RECEPTOR BONDS WITH A LAMINAR FLOW CHAMBER, Biophysical Reviews and Letters, vol.01, issue.03, pp.231-257, 2006.
DOI : 10.1142/S1793048006000161

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00320210

M. Dembo, The Reaction-Limited Kinetics of Membrane-to-Surface Adhesion and Detachment, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.234, issue.1274, pp.55-83, 1988.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.1988.0038

W. Thomas, Bacterial Adhesion to Target Cells Enhanced by Shear Force, Cell, vol.109, issue.7, pp.913-923, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00796-1

B. Marshall, Direct observation of catch bonds involving cell-adhesion molecules, Nature, vol.77, issue.6936, pp.190-193, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-4157(86)90016-X

P. 58-robert, Biomolecule Association Rates Do Not Provide a Complete Description of Bond Formation, Biophysical Journal, vol.96, issue.11, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.03.020

D. 59-raucher, Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate Functions as a Second Messenger that Regulates Cytoskeleton???Plasma Membrane Adhesion, Cell, vol.100, issue.2, pp.221-228, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81560-3

Y. Wang, Visualizing the mechanical activation of Src, Nature, vol.9, issue.7036, pp.1040-1045
DOI : 10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00583-8

C. O. 61-randriamampita, A novel ZAP-70 dependent FRET based biosensor reveals kinase activity at both the immunological synapse and the antisynapse Spatiotemporal dynamics of RhoA activity in migrating cells, PloS ONE Nature, vol.3, issue.440, pp.1069-1072, 2006.

G. T. 63-charras, Reassembly of contractile actin cortex in cell blebs, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.114, issue.3, pp.477-490, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S1534-5807(03)00324-1

V. Vogel and M. Sheetz, Local force and geometry sensing regulate cell functions, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol.31, issue.4, pp.265-275, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-2836(02)01001-X

A. Koseska, Timing Cellular Decision Making Under Noise via Cell???Cell Communication, PLoS ONE, vol.237, issue.3, p.4872, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0004872.g005

V. Vogel and M. Sheetz, Cell fate regulation by coupling mechanical cycles to biochemical signaling pathways, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol.21, issue.1, pp.1-9, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ceb.2009.01.002

S. Huang, Reprogramming cell fates: reconciling rarity with robustness, BioEssays, vol.49, issue.5, pp.546-560, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/bies.200800189

R. A. Gatenby and B. R. Frieden, Information Theory in Living Systems, Methods, Applications, and Challenges, Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, vol.70, issue.1, pp.631-657, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s11538-006-9141-5

S. 69-neves, Cell Shape and Negative Links in Regulatory Motifs Together Control Spatial Information Flow in Signaling Networks, Cell, vol.133, issue.4, pp.666-680, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2008.04.025

A. S. 70-perelson and G. I. Bell, Delivery of lethal hits by cytotoxic T lymphocytes in multicellular conjugates occurs sequentially but at random times, J. Immunol, vol.129, pp.2796-2801, 1982.

S. E. 71-malawista, Cryopreservable neutrophil surrogates: Granule-poor, motile cytoplasts from polymorphonuclear leukocytes home to inflammatory lesions in vivo, Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton, vol.60, issue.5, pp.254-257, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/cm.20120

S. Na, Rapid signal transduction in living cells is a unique feature of mechanotransduction, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.105, issue.18, 2008.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0711704105

T. W. Mckeithan, Kinetic proofreading in T-cell receptor signal transduction., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92, pp.5042-5046, 1995.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.92.11.5042

C. Salazar, Decoding of Calcium Oscillations by Phosphorylation Cycles: Analytic Results, Biophysical Journal, vol.94, issue.4, pp.1209-1215, 2008.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.107.113084

D. 75-nevozhay, Negative autoregulation linearizes the dose-response and suppresses the heterogeneity of gene expression, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, pp.5123-5128, 2009.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0809901106

J. 76-pecreaux, Refined contour analysis of giant unilamellar vesicles, The European Physical Journal E - Soft Matter, vol.13, issue.3, pp.277-290, 2004.
DOI : 10.1140/epje/i2004-10001-9

W. Helfrich and R. M. Servuss, Undulations, steric interaction and cohesion of fluid membranes, Il Nuovo Cimento D, vol.259, issue.1, pp.137-151, 1984.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02452208

P. Robert, What is the biological relevance of the specific bond properties revealed by single-molecule studies?, Journal of Molecular Recognition, vol.85, issue.6, pp.432-447, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/jmr.827

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00321008

B. T. Marshall, Force History Dependence of Receptor-Ligand Dissociation, Biophysical Journal, vol.88, issue.2, pp.1458-1466, 2005.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.104.050567

F. Pincet and J. Husson, The Solution to the Streptavidin-Biotin Paradox: The Influence of History on the Strength of Single Molecular Bonds, Biophysical Journal, vol.89, issue.6, pp.4374-4381, 2005.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.105.067769