M. Thuong, G. Troche, M. Garrouste-orgeas, and J. Timsit, Epidemiology and economic evaluation of severe sepsis in France: age, severity, infection site, and place of acquisition (community, hospital, or intensive care unit) as determinants of workload and cost, J Crit Care, vol.20, pp.46-58, 2005.

G. Martin, D. Mannino, S. Eaton, and M. Moss, The Epidemiology of Sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.348, issue.16, pp.1546-1554, 1979.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa022139

G. Bernard, J. Vincent, P. Laterre, S. Larosa, J. Dhainaut et al., Efficacy and Safety of Recombinant Human Activated Protein C for Severe Sepsis, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.344, issue.10, pp.699-709, 2001.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM200103083441001

H. Warren, A. Suffredini, P. Eichacker, and R. Munford, Risks and Benefits of Activated Protein C Treatment for Severe Sepsis, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.347, issue.13, pp.1027-1030, 2002.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMsb020574

W. Mccabe and G. Jackson, Gram-Negative Bacteremia, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.110, issue.6, pp.847-853, 1962.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.1962.03620240029006

C. Adrie, E. Azoulay, A. Francais, C. Clec-'h, L. Darques et al., Influence of Gender on the Outcome of Severe Sepsis, Chest, vol.132, issue.6, pp.1786-1793, 2007.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.07-0420
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00164438

L. Gall, J. Lemeshow, S. Saulnier, and F. , A New Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) Based on a European/North American Multicenter Study, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.270, issue.24, pp.2957-2963, 1993.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1993.03510240069035

L. Gall, J. Klar, J. Lemeshow, S. Saulnier, F. Alberti et al., The Logistic Organ Dysfunction system. A new way to assess organ dysfunction in the intensive care unit. ICU Scoring Group, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.276, issue.10, pp.802-810, 1996.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.276.10.802

S. Lemeshow, L. Gall, and J. , Modeling the severity of illness of ICU patients. A systems update, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.272, issue.13, pp.1049-1055, 1994.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.272.13.1049

S. Lemeshow, D. Teres, J. Klar, J. Avrunin, S. Gehlbach et al., Mortality Probability Models (MPM II) Based on an International Cohort of Intensive Care Unit Patients, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.270, issue.20, pp.2478-2486, 1993.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1993.03510200084037

W. Knaus, E. Draper, D. Wagner, and J. Zimmerman, APACHE II, Critical Care Medicine, vol.13, issue.10, pp.818-829, 1985.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-198510000-00009

B. Misset, D. Nakache, A. Vesin, M. Darmon, M. Garrouste-orgeas et al., Reliability of diagnostic coding in intensive care patients, Critical Care, vol.12, issue.4, p.95, 2008.
DOI : 10.1186/cc6969
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00332697

J. Garner, W. Jarvis, T. Emori, T. Horan, and J. Hughes, CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988, CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, pp.128-140, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0196-6553(88)90053-3

L. Pham, C. Brun-buisson, P. Legrand, A. Rauss, F. Verra et al., Diagnosis of Nosocomial Pneumonia in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: Comparison of a Plugged Telescoping Catheter with the Protected Specimen Brush, American Review of Respiratory Disease, vol.143, issue.5_pt_1, pp.1055-1061, 1991.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm/143.5_Pt_1.1055

A. Combes, C. Luyt, J. Fagon, M. Wolff, J. Trouillet et al., Early predictors for infection recurrence and death in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia, Critical Care Medicine, vol.35, issue.1, pp.146-154, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000249826.81273.E4

P. Diggle, K. Liang, and S. Zeger, Analysis of Longitudinal Data., Biometrics, vol.53, issue.2, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/2533983

J. Hanley and B. Mcneil, A method of comparing the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves derived from the same cases., Radiology, vol.148, issue.3, pp.839-843, 1983.
DOI : 10.1148/radiology.148.3.6878708

D. Angus, P. Laterre, J. Helterbrand, E. Ely, D. Ball et al., The effect of drotrecogin alfa (activated) on long-term survival after severe sepsis *, Critical Care Medicine, vol.32, issue.11, pp.2199-2206, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000145228.62451.F6

M. Herridge, A. Cheung, C. Tansey, A. Matte-martyn, N. Diaz-granados et al., One-Year Outcomes in Survivors of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.348, issue.8, pp.683-693, 2003.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa022450

S. Yende and D. Angus, Long-term outcomes from sepsis, Current Infectious Disease Reports, vol.175, issue.5, pp.382-386, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s11908-007-0059-3

E. Ferrand, R. Robert, P. Ingrand, and F. Lemaire, Withholding and withdrawal of life support in intensive-care units in France: a prospective survey, The Lancet, vol.357, issue.9249, pp.9-14, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03564-9

E. Azoulay, F. Pochard, M. Garrouste-orgeas, D. Moreau, L. Montesino et al., Decisions to forgo life-sustaining therapy in ICU patients independently predict hospital death, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.29, issue.11, pp.1895-1901, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-003-1989-3

A. Quartin, R. Schein, D. Kett, and P. Peduzzi, Magnitude and duration of the effect of sepsis on survival. Department of Veterans Affairs Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Studies Group, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.277, issue.13, pp.1058-1063, 1997.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.277.13.1058

C. Brun-buisson, P. Meshaka, P. Pinton, and B. Vallet, EPISEPSIS: a reappraisal of the epidemiology and outcome of severe sepsis in French intensive care units, Intensive Care Med, vol.30, pp.580-588, 2004.

B. Manns, H. Lee, C. Doig, D. Johnson, and C. Donaldson, An Economic Evaluation of Activated Protein C Treatment for Severe Sepsis, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.347, issue.13, pp.993-1000, 2002.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMsa020969

T. Perl, L. Dvorak, T. Hwang, and R. Wenzel, Long-term Survival and Function After Suspected Gram-negative Sepsis, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.274, issue.4, pp.338-383, 1995.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1995.03530040066043

M. Rangel-frausto, D. Pittet, M. Costigan, T. Hwang, C. Davis et al., The natural history of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). A prospective study, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.273, issue.2, pp.117-123, 1995.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.273.2.117

E. Somogyi-zalud, Z. Zhong, J. Lynn, N. Dawson, M. Hamel et al., Dying with Acute Respiratory Failure or Multiple Organ System Failure with Sepsis, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.48, issue.suppl, pp.140-145, 2000.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb03123.x

L. Baddour, V. Yu, K. Klugman, C. Feldman, A. Ortqvist et al., Combination Antibiotic Therapy Lowers Mortality among Severely Ill Patients with Pneumococcal Bacteremia, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.170, issue.4, pp.440-444, 2004.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.200311-1578OC

C. Feldman, K. Klugman, V. Yu, A. Ortqvist, C. Choiu et al., Bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia: Impact of HIV on clinical presentation and outcome, Journal of Infection, vol.55, issue.2, pp.125-135, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jinf.2007.04.001

M. Levy, M. Fink, J. Marshall, E. Abraham, D. Angus et al., 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference, SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference, pp.530-538, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-003-1662-x

J. Marcel, M. Alfa, F. Baquero, E. J. Goossens, H. Harbarth et al., Healthcare-associated infections: think globally, act locally, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol.14, issue.10, pp.895-907, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02074.x