W. C. Knowler, E. Barrett-connor, S. E. Fowler, R. F. Hamman, J. M. Lachin et al., Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.346, pp.393-403, 2002.

R. C. Turner, C. A. Cull, V. Frighi, and R. R. Holman, Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: progressive requirement for multiple therapies (UKPDS 49) UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group, JAMA, J. Am. Med. Assoc, vol.281, 1999.

G. Den-berghe, P. Wouters, F. Weekers, C. Verwaest, F. Bruyninckx et al., Intensive Insulin Therapy in Critically Ill Patients, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.345, issue.19, pp.1359-1367, 2001.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa011300

M. Brownlee, Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications, Nature, vol.414, issue.6865, pp.813-820, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/414813a

R. A. Defronzo, Pharmacologic Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol.131, issue.4, pp.281-303, 1999.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-131-4-199908170-00008

C. J. Bailey, Biguanides and NIDDM, Diabetes Care, vol.15, issue.6, pp.755-772, 1992.
DOI : 10.2337/diacare.15.6.755

M. Stumvoll, N. Nurjhan, G. Perriello, G. Dailey, and J. E. Gerich, Metabolic Effects of Metformin in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.333, issue.9, pp.550-554, 1995.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199508313330903

H. S. Hundal, T. Ramlal, R. Reyes, L. A. Leiter, and A. Klip, Cellular mechanism of metformin action involves glucose transporter translocation from an intracellular pool to the plasma membrane in L6 muscle cells., Endocrinology, vol.131, issue.3, pp.1165-1173, 1992.
DOI : 10.1210/endo.131.3.1505458

D. Argaud, H. Roth, N. Wiernsperger, and X. M. Leverve, Metformin decreases gluconeogenesis by enhancing the pyruvate kinase flux in isolated rat hepatocytes, European Journal of Biochemistry, vol.119, issue.3, pp.1341-1348, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-5793(76)80865-4
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00390262

R. S. Hundal, M. Krssak, S. Dufour, D. Laurent, V. Lebon et al., Mechanism by which metformin reduces glucose production in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes, vol.49, issue.12, pp.2063-2069, 2000.
DOI : 10.2337/diabetes.49.12.2063

G. Zhou, R. Myers, Y. Li, Y. Chen, X. Shen et al., Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.108, issue.8, pp.1167-1174, 2001.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI13505

L. G. Fryer, A. Parbu-patel, and D. Carling, The Anti-diabetic Drugs Rosiglitazone and Metformin Stimulate AMP-activated Protein Kinase through Distinct Signaling Pathways, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.277, issue.28, pp.25226-25232, 2002.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M202489200

S. A. Hawley, A. E. Gadalla, G. S. Olsen, and D. G. Hardie, The Antidiabetic Drug Metformin Activates the AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Cascade via an Adenine Nucleotide-Independent Mechanism, Diabetes, vol.51, issue.8, pp.2420-2425, 2002.
DOI : 10.2337/diabetes.51.8.2420

M. Y. El-mir, V. Nogueira, E. Fontaine, N. Averet, M. Rigoulet et al., Dimethylbiguanide Inhibits Cell Respiration via an Indirect Effect Targeted on the Respiratory Chain Complex I, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.275, issue.1, pp.223-228, 2000.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.275.1.223
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00390049

P. Bernardi, L. Scorrano, R. Colonna, V. Petronilli, D. Lisa et al., Mitochondria and cell death. Mechanistic aspects and methodological issues, European Journal of Biochemistry, vol.267, issue.3, pp.687-701, 1999.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.143.1.217

L. Scorrano and S. J. Korsmeyer, Mechanisms of cytochrome c release by proapoptotic BCL-2 family members, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol.304, issue.3, pp.437-444, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00615-6

E. Fontaine, O. Eriksson, F. Ichas, and P. Bernardi, Regulation of the Permeability Transition Pore in Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria: MODULATION BY ELECTRON FLOW THROUGH THE RESPIRATORY CHAIN COMPLEX I, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.273, issue.20, pp.12662-12668, 1998.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.273.20.12662

E. Fontaine and P. Bernardi, Progress on the mitochondrial permeability transition pore: regulation by complex I and ubiquinone analogs, Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes, vol.31, issue.4, pp.335-345, 1999.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1005475802350

C. Chauvin, D. Oliveira, F. Ronot, X. Mousseau, M. Leverve et al., Rotenone Inhibits the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition-induced Cell Death in U937 and KB Cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.276, issue.44, pp.41394-41398, 2001.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M106417200
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00389984

F. C. Charalampous and N. K. Gonatas, ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF KB CELLS, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.59, issue.2, pp.259-280, 1975.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.59.2.421

P. A. Srere, [1] Citrate synthase, Methods Enzymol, vol.13, pp.3-26, 1969.
DOI : 10.1016/0076-6879(69)13005-0

V. Petronilli, G. Miotto, M. Canton, M. Brini, R. Colonna et al., Transient and Long-Lasting Openings of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Can Be Monitored Directly in Intact Cells by Changes in Mitochondrial Calcein Fluorescence, Biophysical Journal, vol.76, issue.2, pp.725-734, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77239-5

P. F. Zuurendonk, M. E. Tischler, T. P. Akerboom, R. Van-der-meer, J. R. Williamson et al., [20] Rapid separation of particulate and soluble fractions from isolated cell preparations (digitonin and cell cavitation procedures), Methods Enzymol, vol.56, pp.207-223, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0076-6879(79)56023-6

D. Detaille, B. Guigas, X. Leverve, N. Wiernsperger, and P. Devos, Obligatory role of membrane events in the regulatory effect of metformin on the respiratory chain function, Biochemical Pharmacology, vol.63, issue.7, pp.1259-1272, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-2952(02)00858-4
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00389975

M. R. Owen, E. Doran, and A. P. Halestrap, Evidence that metformin exerts its anti-diabetic effects through inhibition of complex 1 of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, Biochemical Journal, vol.348, issue.3, pp.607-614, 2000.
DOI : 10.1042/bj3480607

B. Brunmair, K. Staniek, F. Gras, N. Scharf, A. Althaym et al., Thiazolidinediones, Like Metformin, Inhibit Respiratory Complex I: A Common Mechanism Contributing to Their Antidiabetic Actions?, Diabetes, vol.53, issue.4, pp.1052-1059, 2004.
DOI : 10.2337/diabetes.53.4.1052

R. Chen, I. M. Fearnley, S. Y. Peak-chew, and J. E. Walker, The Phosphorylation of Subunits of Complex I from Bovine Heart Mitochondria, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.279, issue.25, pp.26036-26045, 2004.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M402710200

I. Salt, J. W. Celler, S. A. Hawley, A. Prescott, A. Woods et al., AMP-activated protein kinase: greater AMP dependence, and preferential nuclear localization, of complexes containing the ??2 isoform, Biochemical Journal, vol.334, issue.1, pp.177-187, 1998.
DOI : 10.1042/bj3340177

A. K. Bera and S. Ghosh, Dual Mode of Gating of Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel as Revealed by Phosphorylation, Journal of Structural Biology, vol.135, issue.1, pp.67-72, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/jsbi.2001.4399

H. Azoulay-zohar, A. Israelson, S. Abu-hamad, and V. Shoshan-barmatz, In self-defence: hexokinase promotes voltage-dependent anion channel closure and prevents mitochondria-mediated apoptotic cell death, Biochemical Journal, vol.377, issue.2, pp.347-355, 2004.
DOI : 10.1042/bj20031465

K. Gottlob, N. Majewski, S. Kennedy, E. Kandel, R. B. Robey et al., Inhibition of early apoptotic events by Akt/PKB is dependent on the first committed step of glycolysis and mitochondrial hexokinase, Genes & Development, vol.15, issue.11, pp.1406-1418, 2001.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.889901

M. Crompton, Mitochondrial intermembrane junctional complexes and their role in cell death, The Journal of Physiology, vol.90, issue.3, pp.11-21, 2000.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00011.x

F. Ichas and J. P. Mazat, From calcium signaling to cell death: two conformations for the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Switching from low- to high-conductance state, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, vol.1366, issue.1-2, pp.33-50, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0005-2728(98)00119-4

G. Kroemer and J. C. Reed, Mitochondrial control of cell death, Nature Medicine, vol.6, issue.5, pp.513-519, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/74994

J. J. Lemasters, A. L. Nieminen, T. Qian, L. C. Trost, S. P. Elmore et al., The mitochondrial permeability transition in cell death: a common mechanism in necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, vol.1366, issue.1-2, pp.177-196, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0005-2728(98)00112-1

J. L. Vayssiere, P. X. Petit, Y. Risler, and B. Mignotte, Commitment to apoptosis is associated with changes in mitochondrial biogenesis and activity in cell lines conditionally immortalized with simian virus 40., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.91, issue.24, pp.11752-11756, 1994.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.91.24.11752

S. Desagher and J. C. Martinou, Mitochondria as the central control point of apoptosis, Trends in Cell Biology, vol.10, issue.9, pp.369-377, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0962-8924(00)01803-1

X. L. Du, D. Edelstein, L. Rossetti, I. G. Fantus, H. Goldberg et al., Hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial superoxide overproduction activates the hexosamine pathway and induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression by increasing Sp1 glycosylation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, pp.12222-12226, 2000.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.97.22.12222