U. Klein, R. Kuppers, and K. Rajewsky, Evidence for a large compartment of IgM-expressing memory B cells in humans, Blood, vol.89, pp.1288-1298, 1997.

J. Van-es and F. Meyling, High frequency of somatically mutated IgM molecules in the human adult blood B cell repertoire, European Journal of Immunology, vol.7, issue.10, pp.2761-2764, 1992.
DOI : 10.1002/eji.1830221046

E. Paramithiotis and M. Cooper, Memory B lymphocytes migrate to bone marrow in humans, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.94, issue.1, pp.208-212, 1997.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.94.1.208

D. Kumararatne, H. Bazin, and I. Maclennan, Marginal zones: the major B cell compartment of rat spleens, European Journal of Immunology, vol.120, issue.11, pp.858-864, 1981.
DOI : 10.1002/eji.1830111103

F. Martin, J. Kearney, B. Marginal-zone, and . Cells, MARGINAL-ZONE B CELLS, Nature Reviews Immunology, vol.182, issue.5, pp.323-335, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-5699(98)01308-5

J. Spencer and M. Perry, Human marginal-zone B cells, Immunology Today, vol.19, issue.9, pp.421-426, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-5699(98)01308-5

D. Dunn-walters, P. Isaacson, and J. Spencer, Analysis of mutations in immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region genes of microdissected marginal zone (MGZ) B cells suggests that the MGZ of human spleen is a reservoir of memory B cells, Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.182, issue.2, pp.559-66, 1995.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.182.2.559

A. Tierens, J. Delabie, L. Michiels, and P. Vandenberghe, De Wolf-Peeters C Marginal-zone B cells in the human lymph node and spleen show somatic hypermutations and display clonal expansion, Blood, vol.93, pp.226-234, 1999.

S. Tangye, Y. Liu, G. Aversa, and J. Phillips, Identification of Functional Human Splenic Memory B Cells by Expression of CD148 and CD27, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.159, issue.9, pp.1691-1703, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/intimm/5.6.657

A. Lucas, K. Moulton, and V. Tang, Combinatorial Library Cloning of Human Antibodies to Streptococcus pneumoniae Capsular Polysaccharides: Variable Region Primary Structures and Evidence for Somatic Mutation of Fab Fragments Specific for Capsular Serotypes 6B, 14, and 23F, Infection and Immunity, vol.69, issue.2, pp.853-864, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.69.2.853-864.2001

L. Notarangelo, M. Duse, and A. Ugazio, Immunodeficiency with hyper-IgM (HIM), Immunodefic Rev, vol.3, pp.101-121, 1992.

K. Agematsu, H. Nagumo, and K. Shinozaki, Absence of IgD-CD27(+) memory B cell population in X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome., Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.102, issue.4, pp.853-860, 1998.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI3409

S. Weller, A. Faili, and C. Garcia, CD40-CD40L independent Ig gene hypermutation suggests a second B cell diversification pathway in humans, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.98, issue.3, pp.1166-1170, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.98.3.1166

S. Kruetzmann, M. Rosado, and H. Weber, Infections Are Generated in the Spleen, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.1, issue.7, pp.939-945, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0041-1345(97)00043-2

B. Steiniger and P. Barth, The Perifollicular and Marginal Zones of the Human Splenic White Pulp, The American Journal of Pathology, vol.159, issue.2, pp.501-512, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)61722-1

A. Alizadeh and M. Eisen, Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling, Nature, vol.303, issue.6769, pp.503-514, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/35000501

W. Timens, A. Boes, and S. Poppema, Human marginal zone b cells are not an activated b cell subset: strong expression of cd21 as a putative mediator for rapid b cell activation, European Journal of Immunology, vol.16, issue.11
DOI : 10.1002/eji.1830191129

R. Fairhurst, C. Wang, P. Sieling, R. Modlin, and J. Braun, CD1-restricted T cells and resistance to polysaccharide-encapsulated bacteria, Immunology Today, vol.19, issue.6, pp.257-259, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-5699(97)01235-8

S. Ferrari and S. Giliani, Mutations of CD40 gene cause an autosomal recessive form of immunodeficiency with hyper IgM, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.98, issue.22, pp.12614-12619, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.221456898

M. Muramatsu and K. Kinoshita, Fagarasan S Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme

P. Revy, T. Muto, and Y. Levy, Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase (AID) Deficiency Causes the Autosomal Recessive Form of the Hyper-IgM Syndrome (HIGM2), Cell, vol.102, issue.5, pp.565-575, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00079-9

Y. Minegishi and A. Lavoie, Mutations in Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase in Patients with Hyper IgM Syndrome, Clinical Immunology, vol.97, issue.3, pp.203-210, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/clim.2000.4956

W. Holtmeier and A. Hennemann, Caspary WF IgA and IgM V(H) repertoires in human colon: evidence for clonally expanded B cells that are widely disseminated

A. Zandvoort and W. Timens, The dual function of the splenic marginal zone: essential for initiation of anti-TI-2 responses but also vital in the general first-line defense against blood-borne antigens, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol.26, issue.1, pp.4-11, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/intimm/9.1.27

I. Maclennan and E. Chan, The dynamic relationship between B-cell populations in adults, Immunology Today, vol.14, issue.1, pp.29-34, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-5699(93)90321-B

A. Lucas and D. Reason, Polysaccharide vaccines as probes of antibody repertoires in man, Immunological Reviews, vol.150, issue.1, pp.89-104, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-2836(87)90412-8

J. Zhou, K. Lottenbach, S. Barenkamp, and A. Lucas, Reason D-C Recurrent variable region gene usage and somatic mutation in the human antibody response to the capsular polysaccharide of steptococcus pneumoniae type 23F, Inf and Immunity, vol.7, pp.4083-4091, 2002.

C. Reynaud, J. Weill, and . Editor, Vainio O , Imhof BA Postrearrangement diversification processes in gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Current topics in Microbiology and Immunology, pp.7-15, 1996.

C. Mao, L. Jiang, M. Melo-jorge, M. Puthenveetil, X. Zhang et al., T Cell-Independent Somatic Hypermutation in Murine B Cells with an Immature Phenotype, Immunity, vol.20, issue.2, pp.133-144, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-7613(04)00019-6

D. Goldblatt, R. Borrow, and E. Miller, Serogroup C in Young Adults, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.185, issue.3, pp.397-400, 2002.
DOI : 10.1086/338474

A. Oliver, F. Martin, and J. Kearney, IgMhighCD21 high lymphocytes enriched in the splenic marginal zone generate effector cells more rapidly than the bulk of follicular B cells

N. Bernasconi and E. Traggiai, Maintenance of Serological Memory by Polyclonal Activation of Human Memory B Cells, Science, vol.298, issue.5601, pp.2199-2202, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1076071

Y. Levy, N. Gupta, and L. Deist, Defect in IgV gene somatic hypermutation in Common Variable Immuno-Deficiency syndrome, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.95, issue.22, 1998.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.95.22.13135