G. Uhl, G. Elmer, M. Labuda, and R. Pickens, Genetic influences in drug abuse Psychopharmacology the fourth generation of progress, pp.1793-1806, 1995.

J. Kauer and R. Malenka, Synaptic plasticity and addiction, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.30, issue.11, pp.844-858, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nrn2234

M. Dalva, A. Mcclelland, and M. Kayser, Cell adhesion molecules: signalling functions at the synapse, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.10, issue.3, pp.206-220, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nrn2075

M. Mac´kowiakmac´kowiak, K. Markowicz-kula, K. Fija, and K. Wedzony, Acute and repeated administration of cocaine differentially regulates expression of PSA-NCAM-positive neurons in the rat hippocampus, Brain Research, vol.1055, issue.1-2, pp.149-155, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.07.001

N. Tang, M. He, O. Riordan, M. Farkas, C. Buck et al., Ethanol inhibits L1 cell adhesion molecule activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, Journal of Neurochemistry, vol.47, issue.5, pp.1480-1490, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03649.x

H. Ishiguro, Q. Liu, J. Gong, F. Hall, H. Ujike et al., NrCAM in Addiction Vulnerability: Positional Cloning, Drug-Regulation, Haplotype-Specific Expression, and Altered Drug Reward in Knockout Mice, Neuropsychopharmacology, vol.17, issue.3, pp.572-584, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.npp.1300855

J. Bolam, J. Hanley, P. Booth, and M. Bevan, Synaptic organisation of the basal ganglia, Journal of Anatomy, vol.196, issue.4, pp.527-542, 2000.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19640527.x

C. Baunez, C. Dias, M. Cador, and M. Amalric, The subthalamic nucleus exerts opposite control on cocaine and 'natural' rewards, Nature Neuroscience, vol.23, pp.484-489, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/0091-3057(93)90503-L

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01384885

C. Dean and T. Dresbach, Neuroligins and neurexins: linking cell adhesion, synapse formation and cognitive function, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.29, issue.1, pp.21-29, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tins.2005.11.003

M. Lobo, S. Karsten, M. Gray, D. Geschwind, and X. Yang, FACS-array profiling of striatal projection neuron subtypes in juvenile and adult mouse brains, Nature Neuroscience, vol.49, issue.3, pp.443-452, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nn1654

M. Lobo, Y. Cui, S. Ostlund, B. Balleine, and X. Yang, Genetic control of instrumental conditioning by striatopallidal neuron???specific S1P receptor Gpr6, Nature Neuroscience, vol.29, issue.11, pp.1395-1397, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nn1987

C. Mcclung and E. Nestler, Regulation of gene expression and cocaine reward by CREB and ??FosB, Nature Neuroscience, vol.6, issue.11, pp.1208-1215, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nn1143

N. Benturquia, L. Guen, S. Canestrelli, C. Lagente, V. Apiou et al., Specific blockade of morphine- and cocaine-induced reinforcing effects in conditioned place preference by nitrous oxide in mice, Neuroscience, vol.149, issue.3, pp.477-486, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.08.003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00292333

G. Paxinos and K. Franklin, The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates, 2001.

C. Beurrier, Y. Ben-ari, and C. Hammond, Preservation of the direct and indirect pathways in an in vitro preparation of the mouse basal ganglia, Neuroscience, vol.140, issue.1, pp.77-86, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.02.029

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00484325

D. Martin, J. Skidmore, S. Philips, C. Vieira, P. Gage et al., PITX2 is required for normal development of neurons in the mouse subthalamic nucleus and midbrain, Developmental Biology, vol.267, issue.1, pp.93-108, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ydbio.2003.10.035

L. Bierut, P. Madden, N. Breslau, E. Johnson, D. Hatsukami et al., Novel genes identified in a high-density genome wide association study for nicotine dependence, Human Molecular Genetics, vol.16, issue.1, pp.24-35, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/hmg/ddl441

H. Lachman, C. Fann, M. Bartzis, O. Evgrafov, R. Rosenthal et al., Genomewide suggestive linkage of opioid dependence to chromosome 14q, Human Molecular Genetics, vol.16, issue.11, pp.1327-1334, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/hmg/ddm081

A. Hishimoto, Q. Liu, T. Drgon, O. Pletnikova, D. Walther et al., Neurexin 3 polymorphisms are associated with alcohol dependence and altered expression of specific isoforms, Human Molecular Genetics, vol.16, issue.23, pp.2880-2891, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/hmg/ddm247

Q. Liu, T. Drgon, D. Walther, C. Johnson, O. Poleskaya et al., Pooled association genome scanning: Validation and use to identify addiction vulnerability loci in two samples, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.102, issue.33, pp.11864-11869, 2005.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0500329102

A. Genome, P. Consortium, P. Szatmari, A. Paterson, L. Zwaigenbaum et al., Mapping autism risk loci using genetic linkage and chromosomal rearrangements, Nat Genet, vol.39, pp.319-328, 2007.

G. Kirov, D. Gumus, W. Chen, N. Norton, L. Georgieva et al., Comparative genome hybridization suggests a role for NRXN1 and APBA2 in schizophrenia, Human Molecular Genetics, vol.17, issue.3, pp.458-465, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/hmg/ddm323

S. Jamain, H. Quach, C. Betancur, M. Råstam, C. Colineaux et al., Mutations of the X-linked genes encoding neuroligins NLGN3 and NLGN4 are associated with autism, Nature Genetics, vol.34, issue.1, pp.27-29, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/ng1136

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00124744

N. And, C. Neuroreport-copyright, ©. Williams, and &. Wilkins, Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited