M. Muramatsu, K. Kinoshita, S. Fagarasan, S. Yamada, Y. Shinkai et al., Class Switch Recombination and Hypermutation Require Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase (AID), a Potential RNA Editing Enzyme, Cell, vol.102, issue.5, pp.553-563, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00078-7

V. M. Barreto, A. R. Ramiro, and M. C. Nussenzweig, Activation-induced deaminase: controversies and open questions, Trends in Immunology, vol.26, issue.2, pp.90-96, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.it.2004.12.004

K. Yoshikawa, I. M. Okazaki, T. Eto, K. Kinoshita, M. Muramatsu et al., AID Enzyme-Induced Hypermutation in an Actively Transcribed Gene in Fibroblasts, Science, vol.296, issue.5575, pp.2033-2036, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1071556

C. Reynaud, S. Aoufouchi, A. Faili, and J. Weill, What role for AID: mutator, or assembler of the immunoglobulin mutasome?, Nature Immunology, vol.4, issue.7, pp.631-638, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/ni0703-631

C. Rada, J. M. Di-noia, and M. S. Neuberger, Mismatch Recognition and Uracil Excision Provide Complementary Paths to Both Ig Switching and the A/T-Focused Phase of Somatic Mutation, Molecular Cell, vol.16, issue.2, pp.163-171, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molcel.2004.10.011

C. Rada, G. T. Williams, H. Nilsen, D. E. Barnes, T. Lindahl et al., Immunoglobulin Isotype Switching Is Inhibited and Somatic Hypermutation Perturbed in UNG-Deficient Mice, Current Biology, vol.12, issue.20, pp.1748-1755, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01215-0

C. Rada, M. R. Ehrenstein, M. S. Neuberger, and C. Milstein, Hot Spot Focusing of Somatic Hypermutation in MSH2-Deficient Mice Suggests Two Stages of Mutational Targeting, Immunity, vol.9, issue.1, pp.135-141, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80595-6

S. Frey, B. Bertocci, F. Delbos, L. Quint, J. C. Weill et al., Mismatch Repair Deficiency Interferes with the Accumulation of Mutations in Chronically Stimulated B Cells and Not with the Hypermutation Process, Immunity, vol.9, issue.1, pp.127-134, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80594-4

Q. H. Phung, D. B. Winter, A. Cranston, R. E. Tarone, V. A. Bohr et al., Increased Hypermutation at G and C Nucleotides in Immunoglobulin Variable Genes from Mice Deficient in the MSH2 Mismatch Repair Protein, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.229, issue.11, pp.1745-1751, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.7632227

M. Wiesendanger, B. Kneitz, W. Edelmann, and M. D. Scharff, Somatic Hypermutation in Muts Homologue (Msh)3-, Msh6-, and Msh3/Msh6-Deficient Mice Reveals a Role for the Msh2-Msh6 Heterodimer in Modulating the Base Substitution Pattern, Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.9, issue.6, pp.579-584, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80651-2

A. Martin, Z. Li, D. P. Lin, P. D. Bardwell, M. D. Iglesias-ussel et al., Msh2 ATPase Activity Is Essential for Somatic Hypermutation at A-T Basepairs and for Efficient Class Switch Recombination, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.17, issue.8, pp.1171-1178, 2003.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.20022190

P. D. Bardwell, C. J. Woo, K. Wei, Z. Li, A. Martin et al., Altered somatic hypermutation and reduced class-switch recombination in exonuclease 1???mutant mice, Nature Immunology, vol.5, issue.2, pp.224-229, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/ni1031

S. A. Martomo, W. W. Yang, and P. J. Gearhart, A Role for Msh6 But Not Msh3 in Somatic Hypermutation and Class Switch Recombination, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.58, issue.1, pp.61-68, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1059495

T. A. Kunkel, Y. I. Pavlov, and K. Bebenek, Functions of human DNA polymerases ??, ?? and ?? suggested by their properties, including fidelity with undamaged DNA templates, DNA Repair, vol.2, issue.2, pp.135-149, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1568-7864(02)00224-0

C. Masutani, R. Kusumoto, A. Yamada, N. Dohmae, M. Yokoi et al., The XPV (xeroderma pigmentosum variant) gene encodes human DNA polymerase eta, Nature, vol.399, pp.700-704, 1999.

X. Zeng, D. B. Winter, C. Kasmer, K. H. Kraemer, A. R. Lehmann et al., DNA polymerase eta is an A-T mutator in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin variable genes, Nature Immunology, vol.19, issue.6, pp.537-541, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/88740

A. Faili, S. Aoufouchi, S. Weller, F. Vuillier, A. Stary et al., DNA Polymerase ?? Is Involved in Hypermutation Occurring during Immunoglobulin Class Switch Recombination, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.172, issue.2, pp.265-270, 2004.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.20030767

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00177779

X. Zeng, G. A. Negrete, C. Kasmer, W. W. Yang, and P. J. Gearhart, Absence of DNA Polymerase ?? Reveals Targeting of C Mutations on the Nontranscribed Strand in Immunoglobulin Switch Regions, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.13, issue.7, pp.917-924, 2004.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.20031831

P. Kannouche, A. R. Fernandez-de-henestrosa, B. Coull, A. E. Vidal, C. Gray et al., Localization of DNA polymerases ?? and ?? to the replication machinery is tightly co-ordinated in human cells, The EMBO Journal, vol.30, issue.22, pp.6246-6256, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/cdf618

A. Faili, S. Aoufouchi, E. Flatter, Q. Guéranger, C. Reynaud et al., Induction of somatic hypermutation in immunoglobulin genes is dependent on DNA polymerase iota, Nature, vol.82, issue.6910, pp.944-947, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/nature01117

J. P. Mcdonald, E. G. Frank, B. S. Plosky, I. B. Rogozin, C. Masutani et al., 129-derived Strains of Mice Are Deficient in DNA Polymerase ?? and Have Normal Immunoglobulin Hypermutation, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.81, issue.4, pp.635-643, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/cdf618

M. Diaz, L. K. Verkoczy, M. F. Flajnik, and N. R. Klinman, Decreased Frequency of Somatic Hypermutation and Impaired Affinity Maturation but Intact Germinal Center Formation in Mice Expressing Antisense RNA to DNA Polymerase ??, The Journal of Immunology, vol.167, issue.1, pp.327-335, 2001.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.167.1.327

H. Zan, A. Komori, Z. Li, A. Cerutti, A. Schaffer et al., The Translesion DNA Polymerase ?? Plays a Major Role in Ig and bcl-6 Somatic Hypermutation, Immunity, vol.14, issue.5, pp.643-653, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-7613(01)00142-X

C. M. Kondratick, M. T. Washington, S. Prakash, and L. Prakash, Acidic Residues Critical for the Activity and Biological Function of Yeast DNA Polymerase ??, Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.21, issue.6, pp.2018-2025, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.21.6.2018-2025.2001

P. Kannouche and A. Stary, Xeroderma pigmentosum variant and error-prone DNA polymerases, Biochimie, vol.85, issue.11, pp.1123-1132, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biochi.2003.10.009

T. A. Ohmori and . Kunkel, Fidelity and processivity of DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase kappa, the product of the human DINB1 gene, J. Biol. Chem, vol.275, pp.39678-3984, 2000.

Y. Zhang, F. Yuan, H. Xin, X. Wu, D. K. Rajpal et al., Human DNA polymerase kappa synthesizes DNA with extraordinarily low fidelity, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.28, issue.21, pp.4147-4156, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/28.21.4147

URL : http://doi.org/10.1093/nar/28.21.4147

D. Schenten, V. L. Gerlach, C. Guo, S. Velasco-miguel, C. L. Hladik et al., DNA polymerase ?? deficiency does not affect somatic hypermutation in mice, European Journal of Immunology, vol.32, issue.11, pp.3152-3160, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/1521-4141(200211)32:11<3152::AID-IMMU3152>3.0.CO;2-2

Y. Zhang, X. Wu, F. Yuan, Z. Xie, and Z. Wang, Highly Frequent Frameshift DNA Synthesis by Human DNA Polymerase ??, Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.21, issue.23, pp.7995-8006, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.21.23.7995-8006.2001

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC99967

L. J. Simpson and J. E. Sale, Rev1 is essential for DNA damage tolerance and non-templated immunoglobulin gene mutation in a vertebrate cell line, The EMBO Journal, vol.22, issue.7, pp.1654-1664, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/cdg161

J. Chaudhuri, C. Khuong, and F. W. Alt, Replication protein A interacts with AID to promote deamination of somatic hypermutation targets, Nature, vol.269, issue.7003, pp.992-998, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01215-0

K. Machida, K. T. Cheng, V. M. Sung, S. Shimodaira, K. L. Lindsay et al., Hepatitis C virus induces a mutator phenotype: Enhanced mutations of immunoglobulin and protooncogenes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, pp.4262-4267, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0303971101

K. Machida, K. T. Cheng, V. M. Sung, K. J. Lee, A. M. Levine et al., Hepatitis C Virus Infection Activates the Immunologic (Type II) Isoform of Nitric Oxide Synthase and Thereby Enhances DNA Damage and Mutations of Cellular Genes, Journal of Virology, vol.78, issue.16, pp.8835-8843, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.78.16.8835-8843.2004

H. Gu, J. D. Marth, P. C. Orban, H. Mossmann, and K. Rajewsky, Deletion of a DNA polymerase beta gene segment in T cells using cell type-specific gene targeting, Science, vol.265, issue.5168, pp.103-106, 1994.
DOI : 10.1126/science.8016642

R. Torres and R. Kühn, Laboratory Protocols for Conditional Gene Targeting, 1997.

B. Bertocci, A. De-smet, E. Flatter, A. Dahan, J. C. Bories et al., Cutting Edge: DNA Polymerases ?? and ?? Are Dispensable for Ig Gene Hypermutation, The Journal of Immunology, vol.168, issue.8, pp.3702-3706, 2002.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.168.8.3702