R. F. Bruinsma, Theory of Force Regulation by Nascent Adhesion Sites, Biophysical Journal, vol.89, issue.1, pp.87-94, 2005.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.104.048280

M. Chiquet, A. S. Renedo, F. Huber, and M. Fluck, How do fibroblasts translate mechanical signals into changes in extracellular matrix production?, Matrix Biology, vol.22, issue.1, pp.73-80, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0945-053X(03)00004-0

D. Choquet, D. P. Felsenfeld, and M. P. Sheetz, Extracellular Matrix Rigidity Causes Strengthening of Integrin???Cytoskeleton Linkages, Cell, vol.88, issue.1, pp.39-48, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81856-5

O. Collin, P. Tracqui, A. Stephanou, Y. Usson, J. Clement-lacroix et al., Spatiotemporal dynamics of actin-rich adhesion microdomains: influence of substrate flexibility, Journal of Cell Science, vol.119, issue.9, pp.1914-1925, 2006.
DOI : 10.1242/jcs.02838
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00173037

O. Destaing, F. Saltel, J. C. Geminard, P. Jurdic, and F. Bard, Podosomes Display Actin Turnover and Dynamic Self-Organization in Osteoclasts Expressing Actin-Green Fluorescent Protein, Molecular Biology of the Cell, vol.14, issue.2, pp.407-416, 2003.
DOI : 10.1091/mbc.E02-07-0389
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01238287

D. E. Discher, P. Janmey, and Y. L. Wang, Tissue Cells Feel and Respond to the Stiffness of Their Substrate, Science, vol.310, issue.5751, pp.1139-1143, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1116995

. Lafuma, Time course of actin cytoskeleton stiffness and matrix adhesion molecules in human bronchial epithelial cell cultures, Exp Cell Res, vol.287, pp.199-208, 2003.

A. J. Engler, M. A. Griffin, S. Sen, C. G. Bonnemann, H. L. Sweeney et al., Myotubes differentiate optimally on substrates with tissue-like stiffness, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.20, issue.6, pp.877-887, 2004.
DOI : 10.1152/ajpcell.00269.2001

. Planus, Sensitivity of alveolar macrophages to substrate mechanical and adhesive properties, Cell Motil Cytoskeleton, vol.63, pp.321-340, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00173038

R. Fodil, V. M. Laurent, E. Planus, and D. Isabey, Characterization of cytoskeleton mechanical properties and 3D-actin structure in twisted living adherent cells, Biorheology, vol.40, pp.241-245, 2003.

G. Forgacs, On the possible role of cytoskeletal filamentous networks in intracellular signaling: an approach based on percolation, Journal Of Cell Science, vol.108, pp.2131-2143, 1995.

Y. Fung, Biomechanics: mechanical properties of living tissues, 1993.

C. G. Galbraith and M. P. Sheetz, Forces on adhesive contacts affect cell function, Current opinion in cell, pp.566-571, 1998.

A. Gefen and S. S. Margulies, Are in vivo and in situ brain tissues mechanically similar?, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.37, issue.9, pp.1339-1352, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.12.032

P. C. Georges and P. A. Janmey, Cell type-specific response to growth on soft materials, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.98, issue.4, pp.1547-1553, 2005.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.01121.2004

F. M. Hendriks, D. Brokken, C. W. Oomens, D. L. Bader, and F. P. Baaijens, The relative contributions of different skin layers to the mechanical behavior of human skin in vivo using suction experiments, Medical Engineering & Physics, vol.28, issue.3, pp.259-266, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.medengphy.2005.07.001

D. Ingber, Integrins as mechanochemical transducers, Current opinion in cell biology, pp.841-848, 1991.

V. M. Laurent, R. Fodil, P. Canadas, S. Fereol, B. Louis et al., Partitioning of Cortical and Deep Cytoskeleton Responses from Transient Magnetic Bead Twisting, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol.31, issue.10, pp.31-1263, 2003.
DOI : 10.1114/1.1616932

V. M. Laurent, R. Fodil, P. Cañadas, E. Planus, and D. Isabey, Specific Mechanical and Structural Responses of Cortical and Cytosolic Cytoskeleton in Living Adherent Cells., JSME International Journal Series C, vol.45, issue.4, pp.45-897, 2002.
DOI : 10.1299/jsmec.45.897

V. M. Laurent, S. Henon, E. Planus, R. Fodil, M. Balland et al., Assessment of Mechanical Properties of Adherent Living Cells by Bead Micromanipulation: Comparison of Magnetic Twisting Cytometry vs Optical Tweezers, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, vol.124, issue.4, pp.408-421, 2002.
DOI : 10.1115/1.1485285

V. M. Laurent, E. Planus, R. Fodil, and D. Isabey, Mechanical assessment by magnetocytometry of the cytosolic and cortical cytoskeletal compartments in adherent epithelial cells, Biorheology, vol.40, pp.235-240, 2003.

S. Linder, K. Hufner, U. Wintergerst, and M. Aepfelbacher, Microtubule-dependent formation of podosomal adhesion structures in primary human macrophages, Journal Of Cell Science Pt, vol.113, issue.23, pp.4165-4176, 2000.

C. M. Lo, H. B. Wang, M. Dembo, and Y. L. Wang, Cell Movement Is Guided by the Rigidity of the Substrate, Biophysical Journal, vol.79, issue.1, pp.79-144, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76279-5

J. Ohayon, P. Tracqui, R. Fodil, S. Féréol, V. M. Laurent et al., Analysis of Nonlinear Responses of Adherent Epithelial Cells Probed by Magnetic Bead Twisting: A Finite Element Model Based on a Homogenization Approach, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, vol.126, issue.6, pp.685-698, 2004.
DOI : 10.1115/1.1824136
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00846395

S. S. Reinhart-king, M. Margulies, D. Dembo, D. A. Boettiger, V. M. Hammer et al., Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype, Cancer Cell, vol.8, pp.241-254, 2005.

R. J. Pelham, J. , and Y. Wang, Cell locomotion and focal adhesions are regulated by substrate flexibility, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.94, issue.25, pp.13661-13665, 1997.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.94.25.13661
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC28362

C. Isabey and M. P. Lafuma, Role of collagenase in mediating in vitro alveolar epithelial wound repair, Journal Of Cell Science, vol.112, issue.2, pp.243-252, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00186823

J. Pourati, A. Maniotis, D. Spiegel, J. L. Schaffer, J. P. Butler et al., Is cytoskeletal tension a major determinant of cell deformability in adherent endothelial cells?, American Journal of Physiology, vol.274, pp.1283-1289, 1998.

M. D. Rossman, A. M. Cassizzi, and R. P. Daniele, Adherence and morphology of guinea pig alveolar macrophages: effect of N-formyl methionyl peptides, Infect Immun, vol.29, pp.1185-1189, 1980.

J. Tanaka, T. Watanabe, N. Nakamura, and K. Sobue, Morphological and biochemical analyses of contractile proteins (actin, myosin, caldesmon and tropomyosin) in normal and transformed cells, Journal Of Cell Science, vol.104, issue.2, pp.595-606, 1993.

H. B. Wang, M. Dembo, S. K. Hanks, and Y. Wang, Focal adhesion kinase is involved in mechanosensing during fibroblast migration, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.98, issue.20, pp.11295-11300, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.201201198

N. Wang, J. P. Butler, and D. E. Ingber, Mechanotransduction across the cell surface and through the cytoskeleton, Science, vol.260, issue.5111, pp.1124-1127, 1993.
DOI : 10.1126/science.7684161

N. Wang and Z. Suo, Long-distance propagation of forces in a cell, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol.328, issue.4, pp.1133-1138, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.01.070

N. Wang, I. M. Tolic-norrelykke, J. Chen, S. M. Mijailovich, J. P. Butler et al., Cell prestress. I. Stiffness and prestress are closely associated in adherent contractile cells, AJP: Cell Physiology, vol.282, issue.3, pp.606-616, 2002.
DOI : 10.1152/ajpcell.00269.2001

S. Wendling, E. Planus, V. Laurent, L. Barbe, A. Mary et al., Role of cellular tone and microenvironmental conditions on cytoskeleton stiffness assessed by tensegrity model, The European Physical Journal Applied Physics, vol.9, issue.1, pp.51-62, 2000.
DOI : 10.1051/epjap:2000200

K. M. Yamada, Integrin signaling, Matrix Biology, vol.16, issue.4, pp.137-141, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0945-053X(97)90001-9

V. Ming, P. A. Weaver, and . Janmey, Effects of substrate stiffness on cell morphology, cytoskeletal structure, and adhesion, Cell Motil Cytoskeleton, vol.60, pp.24-34, 2005.