H. Amieva, H. Jacqmin-gadda, J. M. Orgogozo, L. Carret, N. Helmer et al., The 9 year cognitive decline before dementia of the Alzheimer type: a prospective population-based study, Brain, vol.128, issue.5, pp.128-1093, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/brain/awh451

K. J. Anstey, M. A. Luszcz, and L. Sanchez, A Reevaluation of the Common Factor Theory of Shared Variance Among Age, Sensory Function, and Cognitive Function in Older Adults, The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, vol.56, issue.1, pp.3-11, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/geronb/56.1.P3

L. A. Beckett, D. J. Tancredi, and R. S. Wilson, Multivariate longitudinal models for complex change processes, Statistics in Medicine, vol.23, issue.2, pp.231-239, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/sim.1712

A. Benton, Manuel pour l'application du Test de Rétention Visuelle, 1965.

M. L. Collaer and M. Hines, Human behavioral sex differences: A role for gonadal hormones during early development?, Psychological Bulletin, vol.118, issue.1, pp.55-107, 1995.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.118.1.55

D. A. Drachman, Aging of the brain, entropy, and Alzheimer disease, Neurology, vol.67, issue.8, pp.1340-1352, 2006.
DOI : 10.1212/01.wnl.0000240127.89601.83

C. M. De-frias, L. G. Nilsson, and A. Herlitz, Sex Differences in Cognition are Stable Over a 10-Year Period in Adulthood and Old Age, Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, vol.13, issue.3-4, pp.574-587, 2006.
DOI : 10.1080/13825580600678418

M. F. Elias, P. K. Elias, R. B. Agostino, H. Silbershatz, and P. A. Wolf, Role of Age, Education, and Gender on Cognitive Performance in the Framingham Heart Study: Community-Based Norms, Experimental Aging Research, vol.13, issue.3, pp.201-235, 1997.
DOI : 10.1037/11167-000

C. Fabrigoule, I. Rouch, A. Taberly, L. Letenneur, D. Commenges et al., Cognitive process in preclinical phase of dementia, Brain, vol.121, issue.1, pp.135-141, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/brain/121.1.135

M. F. Folstein, S. E. Folstein, and P. R. Mchugh, ???Mini-mental state???, Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol.12, issue.3, pp.189-198, 1975.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6

L. A. Galea and D. Kimura, Sex differences in route-learning, Personality and Individual Differences, vol.14, issue.1, pp.53-65, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0191-8869(93)90174-2

M. Ganguli, G. Ratcliff, F. J. Huff, S. Belle, M. J. Kancel et al., Effects of Age, Gender, and Education on Cognitive Tests in a Rural Elderly Community Sample: Norms from the Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey, Neuroepidemiology, vol.10, issue.1, pp.42-52, 1991.
DOI : 10.1159/000110246

D. Gerstorf, A. Herlitz, and J. Smith, Stability of Sex Differences in Cognition in Advanced Old Age: The Role of Education and Attrition, The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, vol.61, issue.4, pp.61-245, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/geronb/61.4.P245

J. A. Fleishman and W. F. Lawrence, Demographic variation in SF-12 scores: true differences or differential item functioning? Med Care, pp.75-86, 2003.

P. Ghisletta and U. Lindenberger, Age-Based Structural Dynamics Between Perceptual Speed and Knowledge in the Berlin Aging Study: Direct Evidence for Ability Dedifferentiation in Old Age., Psychology and Aging, vol.18, issue.4, pp.696-713, 2003.
DOI : 10.1037/0882-7974.18.4.696

C. B. Hall, R. B. Lipton, M. Sliwinski, and W. F. Stewart, A change point model for estimating the onset of cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease, Statistics in Medicine, vol.87, issue.11-12, pp.11-12, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(20000615/30)19:11/12<1555::AID-SIM445>3.0.CO;2-3

R. K. Hambleton, H. Swaminathan, and H. J. Rogers, Fundamentals of Item Response Theory, 1991.

B. Isaacs and A. T. Kennie, The Set Test as an Aid to the Detection of Dementia in Old People, The British Journal of Psychiatry, vol.123, issue.4, pp.467-470, 1973.
DOI : 10.1192/bjp.123.4.467

H. Jacqmin-gadda, D. Commenges, and J. F. Dartigues, Random Changepoint Model for Joint Modeling of Cognitive Decline and Dementia, Biometrics, vol.53, issue.1, pp.254-260, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2005.00443.x

H. Jacqmin-gadda, C. Fabrigoule, D. Commenges, and J. F. Dartigues, A 5-Year Longitudinal Study of the Mini-Mental State Examination in Normal Aging, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.145, issue.6, pp.145-498, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009137

A. F. Jorm, R. Scott, A. S. Henderson, and D. W. Kay, Educational level differences on the Mini-Mental State: the role of test bias, Psychological Medicine, vol.4, issue.03, pp.727-731, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9681(86)90019-6

J. Kramer, D. Delis, and M. Daniel, Sex differences in verbal learning, Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol.42, issue.6, pp.907-915, 1988.
DOI : 10.1002/1097-4679(198811)44:6<907::AID-JCLP2270440610>3.0.CO;2-8

S. C. Li, U. Lindenberger, B. Hommel, G. Aschersleben, W. Prinz et al., Transformations in the Couplings Among Intellectual Abilities and Constituent Cognitive Processes Across the Life Span, Psychological Science, vol.23, issue.3, pp.155-63, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S1364-6613(98)01230-3

N. M. Laird and J. H. Ware, Random-Effects Models for Longitudinal Data, Biometrics, vol.38, issue.4, pp.963-974, 1982.
DOI : 10.2307/2529876

B. O. Muthén, BEYOND SEM: GENERAL LATENT VARIABLE MODELING, Behaviormetrika, vol.29, issue.1, pp.81-117, 2002.
DOI : 10.2333/bhmk.29.81

C. Proust, H. Jacqmin-gadda, J. M. Taylor, J. Ganiayre, and D. Commenges, A Nonlinear Model with Latent Process for Cognitive Evolution Using Multivariate Longitudinal Data, Biometrics, vol.16, issue.4, pp.1014-1024, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2006.00573.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00130040

C. Proust-lima, H. Amieva, J. F. Dartigues, and H. Jacqmin-gadda, Sensitivity of Four Psychometric Tests to Measure Cognitive Changes in Brain Aging-Population-based Studies, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.165, issue.3, pp.344-50, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwk017

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00130046

M. Reite, C. M. Cullum, J. Stocker, P. Teale, and E. Kozora, Neuropsychological test performance and MEG-based brain lateralization: Sex differences, Brain Research Bulletin, vol.32, issue.3, pp.325-328, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0361-9230(93)90195-H

T. A. Salthouse, The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition., Psychological Review, vol.103, issue.3, pp.403-428, 1996.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.403

T. A. Salthouse and S. J. Czaja, Structural constraints on process explanations in cognitive aging., Psychology and Aging, vol.15, issue.1, pp.44-55, 2000.
DOI : 10.1037/0882-7974.15.1.44

M. Sliwinski and H. Buschke, Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships among age, cognition, and processing speed., Psychology and Aging, vol.14, issue.1, pp.18-33, 1999.
DOI : 10.1037/0882-7974.14.1.18

M. Sliwinski, S. Hofer, C. Hall, H. Buschke, and R. B. Lipton, Modeling Memory Decline in Older Adults: The Importance of Preclinical Dementia, Attrition, and Chronological Age., Psychology and Aging, vol.18, issue.4, pp.658-671, 2003.
DOI : 10.1037/0882-7974.18.4.658

M. Sliwinski, R. B. Lipton, H. Buschke, and W. Stewart, The Effects of Preclinical Dementia on Estimates of Normal Cognitive Functioning in Aging, The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, vol.51, issue.4, pp.217-225, 1996.
DOI : 10.1093/geronb/51B.4.P217

T. N. Tombaugh and N. J. Mcintyre, The Mini-Mental State Examination: A Comprehensive Review, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.114, issue.9, pp.922-935, 1992.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x

D. Voyer, S. Voyer, and M. P. Bryden, Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: A meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables., Psychological Bulletin, vol.117, issue.2, pp.250-270, 1995.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.250

J. A. Yesavage and J. O. Brooks, On the Importance of Longitudinal Research in Alzheimer's Disease, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.45, issue.9, pp.3-942, 1991.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb04464.x

E. M. Weiss, C. G. Kohler, C. M. Brensinger, W. B. Bilker, J. Loughead et al., Gender differences in facial emotion recognition in persons with chronic schizophrenia, European Psychiatry, vol.22, issue.2, pp.116-122, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.05.003

D. Wechsler, WAIS-R manual, 1981.

W. C. Wiederholt, D. Cahn, N. M. Butters, D. P. Salmon, D. Kritz-silverstein et al., Effects of Age, Gender and Education on Selected Neuropsychological Tests in an Elderly Community Cohort, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.48, issue.6, pp.41-639, 1993.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1993.tb06738.x

R. S. Wilson, L. A. Beckett, L. L. Barnes, J. A. Schneider, J. Bach et al., Individual differences in rates of change in cognitive abilities of older persons., Psychology and Aging, vol.17, issue.2, pp.179-193, 2002.
DOI : 10.1037/0882-7974.17.2.179

R. S. Wilson, L. A. Beckett, J. L. Bienias, D. A. Evans, and D. A. Bennett, Terminal decline in cognitive function, Neurology, vol.60, issue.11, pp.1782-1787, 2003.
DOI : 10.1212/01.WNL.0000068019.60901.C1